When you are creating any kind of presentation or essay based on research, there are three ways to convey that research to your audience:
1.
Direct quote
2.
Paraphrase
3.
Summary

• These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.
• Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and
must be attributed to the original author.
• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.
Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute
summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.
*Directly quoted from Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

• Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:
• In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams,
Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the
"dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).
*Directly quoted from Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

• Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
• Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.
• Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.
*Directly quoted from Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

• A paraphrase does not mean just changing up a few words here and there. A paraphrase should be a complete rephrasing of the information, excepting common or proper nouns that you cannot come up with a synonym for.
• Strategies to ensure a correct paraphrase:
Change the order of the content as written in the original text
Come up with synonyms for everything you can
Change up phrasing and syntax

• Here is a direct quote from Ernest Hemingway’s
Biography.com profile:
In high school, Hemingway worked on his school newspaper,
Trapeze and Tabula, writing primarily about sports. Immediately after graduation, the budding journalist went to work for the
Kansas City Star, gaining experience that would later influence his distinctively stripped-down prose style.
Here is a bad example of a paraphrase for this information:
Hemingway worked on his school paper, Trapeze and Tabula in high school. He wrote mostly about sports. Soon after graduation, the journalist started working for Kansas City Star, and got experience that would later influence his unique stripped-down prose style.
What’s wrong with this paraphrase?

In high school, Hemingway worked on his school newspaper,
Trapeze and Tabula, writing primarily about sports. Immediately after graduation, the budding journalist went to work for the
Kansas City Star, gaining experience that would later influence his distinctively stripped-down prose style.
Strong paraphrase example:
• Hemingway’s writing career began in high school where he worked on the student newspaper, Trapeze and Tabula. One of the things from Hemingway’s past that had a huge impact on his writing career, specifically his simplistic style, was working for a newspaper after high school at the Kansas City
Star (Ernest Hemingway Biography).
What do you notice about this paraphrase compared to the original text?

• If citing a book, use this format: (author’s last name and page #).
Ex: Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals"
(Burke 3).
• If citing a website, use this format: (name of author (if available), name of website article as listed on your works cited page).
Ex: One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (Garcia, “Herzog: a
Life”).
*Examples from OWL Purdue Writing Lab; visit this link for more details on parenthetical citation: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/