Module History and Alternative Views of Macroeconomics

advertisement

Module

35

History and

John Maynard Keynes & Milton Friedman

Alternative Views of

Macroeconomics

KRUGMAN'S

MACROECONOMICS for AP*

Margaret Ray and David Anderson

What you will learn in this

Module

:

• Why classical macroeconomics wasn’t adequate for the problems posed by the

Great Depression

• How Keynes and the experience of the

Great Depression legitimized macroeconomic policy activism

• What monetarism is and its views about the limits of monetary policy

• How challenges led to a revision of

Keynesian ideas and the emergence of the new classical macroeconomics

Classical Macroeconomics:

Money and the Price Level

•%∆ M = % ∆ PL

•Short-Run Effects

Unimportant

•Focus on the Long-

Run

•Keynes - “ (in the long run) we are all dead.”

Classical Macroeconomics: The

Business Cycle

•The Business Cycle

•No theory of business cycles

•Lack of consensus

•Necessity is the mother of invention

Keynes’s Theory

• The General Theory

•Classical View

•Keynesian View

•“Animal Spirits”

(business confidence)

Keynes’s Theory

Classical

Theory

Keynesian

Theory

Challenges to Keynesian Economics:

The Revival of Monetary Policy

• A Monetary History of the United

States, 1867 - 1960

•Great Depression caued by Fed contracting the money supply

•Monetary policy is important - less political

University of Chicago

Economist, Milton

Friedman

Challenges to Keynesian

Economics: Monetarism

•Monetarism

•Discretionary Policies - bad

•Crowding Out

•Monetary Policy Rule

•Quantity Theory of Money, MV = PY

•Velocity of Money

•Erratic Velocity undermines Monetarism

Challenges to Keynesian Economics: Inflation and the Natural Rate of Unemployment

•Natural Rate Hypothesis

•Limit to Discretionary Policy

•Stagflation of 1970s proof of

Hypothesis

•Natural Rate widely accepted

Challenges to Keynesian Economics:

The Political Business Cycle

•Consequences of Keynes on Politics

•Election Day Economics

•Political Business Cycle

President Obama and Senator McCain

•The need for central bank independence

Rational Expectations, Real Business

Cycles, and New Classical Macroeconomics

• New Classical

Macroeconommics

• Rational Expectations

• New Keynesian Economics

• Real Business Cycle Theory

Unnumbered Figure 35.1 The End of the Great Depression

Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Macroeconomics for AP, First Edition

Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 35.2 Fiscal Policy with a Fixed Money Supply

Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Macroeconomics for AP, First

Edition

Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 35.3 The Velocity of Money

Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Macroeconomics for AP, First Edition

Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Download