Essential Question
Section 1: A Nation of Immigrants
Section 2: The Basis of
Citizenship
Section 3: Equal Protection of
the Law
Section 4: Civil Liberties
Challenges
Chapter Summary
How has the United
States been shaped by
its immigrant history, and
how do we determine the
rights of citizenship?
Content Vocabulary
• amnesty
• enemy alien
• alien
• refugee
• resident alien
• undocumented alien
• nonresident alien
Academic Vocabulary
• symbol
• formula
• shift
Reading Strategy
As you read, use a chart like the one below
to track changes in American immigration
policy.
Which of these issues makes immigration
reform exceptionally relevant today?
A. A
B. B
0%
B
0%
A
A. large numbers of
undocumented
immigrants living in
the U.S.
B. the threat of
terrorism
Immigration Policy
• The Constitution clearly gives Congress
the power to make immigration policy.
• In 1882 Congress passed the first major
law that barred entrance to specific groups
because the California Gold Rush and
railroad building had attracted many
immigrants.
Immigration Policy (cont.)
• Immigration is a major political issue for
two reasons:
– there are many undocumented
immigrants living in the U.S.; and
– terrorism.
Immigration to the United States
Immigration Policy (cont.)
• In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act which said that no Chinese
laborer could enter the United States for
10 years.
• The Immigration Act of 1924 introduced a
quota system by country. During the next
40 years, immigration dropped sharply.
Highlights of American Immigration
Policy, 1880s-Present
Immigration Policy (cont.)
• In 1965 Congress passed the Immigration
Reform Act, abolishing the quota system
based on national origin.
• The new law was driven by two principles:
– reunifying families; and
– giving priority to certain skills.
Highlights of American Immigration
Policy, 1880s-Present
Immigration Policy (cont.)
• President Reagan’s Immigration Reform and
Control Act of 1986 had a dual purpose:
– punishing employers who knowingly hired
undocumented immigrants; and
– offering a way for long-term, undocumented
immigrants to become legal.
Highlights of American Immigration
Policy, 1880s-Present
Immigration Policy (cont.)
• The Immigration Act of 1990 said that no
country could account for more than 7
percent of total immigrants.
Highlights of American Immigration
Policy, 1880s-Present
What act of Congress abolished the quota
system based on national origin?
A. the Immigration
Reform and Control
Act of 1986
B. the Chinese Exclusion
Act
C. the Immigration
Reform Act of 1965
D. the Immigration Act of
1924
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Current Political Debate
• As illegal immigration continues across the
southwestern border, the immigration debate
continues.
• Employers in agriculture and construction do
not want the flow of low-cost labor stopped.
• Others, often Americans with few skills, worry
that a steady stream of undocumented
workers will depress their wages.
Current Political Debate (cont.)
• Many Republicans argued that President
George W. Bush’s proposed immigration
bill offered amnesty—or forgiveness—
rather than harsh penalties.
Many Republicans argued that President
George W. Bush’s proposed immigration bill
should have provided penalties, but instead
offered
A. naturalization.
B. citizenship.
C. imprisonment.
D. amnesty.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Aliens
• An alien is the term for someone who lives in
a country where he or she is not a citizen.
• Under the law there are five categories of
aliens:
– A resident alien is a foreigner who has
established permanent residency in the U.S.
– Nonresident aliens are people who expect
to stay for a short, specified time.
Aliens (cont.)
– Enemy aliens are citizens of nations
that are at war with the U.S.
– Refugees are people fleeing persecution or
danger from their home country.
– Undocumented aliens are people who are
illegally in the U.S.
• The Bill of Rights protects anyone living in the
United States, even enemy aliens.
What is the term for a foreigner who expects
to stay in the U.S. for a short, specified
amount of time?
A. resident alien
B. nonresident alien
C. refugee
D. undocumented alien
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Content Vocabulary
• naturalization
• jus soli
• jus sanguinis
• collective naturalization
• expatriation
• denaturalization
Academic Vocabulary
• core
• process
• automatic
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer like
the one below to describe the conditions of
American citizenship.
Which is the most effective way in which a
U.S. citizen can participate in political life?
A. voting
B. campaigning
C. educating oneself
regarding politics
D. writing letters to
newspapers
expressing one’s
political opinion
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Who Determines Citizenship?
• The Founders assumed that the states
would decide who was or was not a citizen
and that state citizens would automatically
be citizens of the nation. This rule had two
exceptions:
– African Americans; and
– immigrants who became U.S. citizens
through naturalization—the legal process
by which someone who was not born in
the United States is granted citizenship.
Who Determines Citizenship? (cont.)
• In 1857 the Supreme Court ruled that
African Americans, whether enslaved or
free, were not U.S. citizens.
• In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment
established that:
– people of all races, excluding Native
Americans, were citizens; and
– state citizenship was an automatic result of
national citizenship.
The legal process by which someone who
was not born in the United States is granted
citizenship is called
A. naturalization.
B. expatriation.
C. denaturalization.
D. immigration.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Gaining Citizenship
• Like most other nations in the world, the
United States follows the principle of jus
soli—the law of the soil—which focuses
on where a person is born.
• Jus sanguinis—the law of the blood—
focuses on parentage as a basis for
citizenship.
• All immigrants who want to be American
citizens must go through naturalization.
Gaining Citizenship (cont.)
• To apply for citizenship, a person must:
– be at least 18 years old;
– have lived in the United States as a legal
resident alien for 5 years and been
physically present for half of that period;
– have lived in the state where the petition is
filed for at least 3 months; and
– must provide witnessed to testify to the
applicant’s moral character.
Gaining Citizenship (cont.)
• Collective naturalization is a process under
which an entire group of people becomes
citizens by a treaty or by an act of Congress.
• Citizenship can be lost in three ways:
– expatriation—meaning a person gives up
his or her citizenship by the act of leaving
the United States and becoming the citizen
of another country;
Gaining Citizenship (cont.)
– by being convicted of certain serious
federal crimes, such as treason; and
– in an administrative process of
denaturalization, which occurs when it is
proved that fraud, deception, or error
occurred during naturalization.
Jus sanguinis—the law of the blood—refers
to citizenship based on
A. where one is born.
B. parentage.
C. ethnicity.
D. residency.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Citizen Responsibilities
• Respect for the law is crucial in modern
society, but this respect depends on
knowledge of the law.
• Voting is the most common way that a
citizen participates in political life and
expresses one’s support for democracy.
• Many citizens fail to vote because they
don’t think a single vote can make a
difference despite numerous examples of
close elections throughout history.
Citizen Responsibilities (cont.)
• Citizens can affect the political system by
campaigning for a candidate or working at
the polls on Election day.
• Sharing opinions through writing letters to
newspapers and magazines has always
been an important way to participate in
politics.
The most common way that a citizen
participates in political life and expresses
support for democracy is
A. protesting.
B. running for office.
C. voting.
D. watching television.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Content Vocabulary
• suspect classification
• fundamental right
• discrimination
• Jim Crow laws
• “separate but equal” doctrine
• civil rights movement
Academic Vocabulary
• illegal
• motivate
• impact
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a time line of major
1960s and 1970s civil rights laws, beginning
with the Equal Pay Act in 1963.
Which equal-rights-related court case had
the most significant effect on U.S. policy?
B
A
A. A
B. B
C. C0%
0%
0%
C
A. Washington v. Davis
B. Plessy v. Ferguson
C. Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka
What Is Equal Protection?
• The Fourteenth Amendment says that no
state can “deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
• The Supreme Court has three basic
guidelines for considering whether a law or
an action violates the equal protection
clause:
– The rational basis test asks if the
classification is reasonably related to an
acceptable government goal.
What Is Equal Protection? (cont.)
– The second test is used if a law
involves a “suspect classification”—
a classification made on the basis of
race or national origin.
– The third test uses fundamental rights—
rights that go to the heart of the American
system or are indispensable to a just
system.
Rights that go to the heart of the American
system or are indispensable to a just system
are known as
A. equal rights.
B. civil rights.
C. fundamental rights.
D. implied rights.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Proving Intent to Discriminate
• Discrimination exists when individuals
are treated unfairly solely because of their
race, gender, ethnic group, age, physical
disability, or religion.
• In Washington v. Davis the Supreme Court
ruled that to prove discrimination in a state
law, one must prove that the state was
motivated by intent to discriminate.
When individuals are treated unfairly solely
because of their race, gender, ethnic group,
age, physical disability, or religion, they are
victims of
A. naturalization.
B. classification.
C. discrimination.
D. expatriation.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
The Equal Rights Struggle
• By the late 1800s, about half the states
had adopted Jim Crow laws—state and
local laws in mostly Southern states that
required racial segregation in places like
schools, public transportation, and hotels.
• In Plessy v. Ferguson the Court said that
the Fourteenth Amendment allowed
separate facilities for different races as
long as those facilities were equal.
The Equal Rights Struggle (cont.)
• For the next 50 years the “separate but
equal” doctrine was used to justify
segregation.
• In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
the Court unanimously overruled the
“separate but equal” doctrine.
The Equal Rights Struggle (cont.)
• After the Brown decision, many African
Americans and whites worked together in the
civil rights movement to end segregation.
• In 1964 and 1965, Congress passed key civil
rights legislation, barring discrimination and
ensuring the right to vote.
Selected Major Civil Rights Legislation
The “separate but equal” clause was used
to justify
A. immigration.
B. segregation.
C. separation of powers.
D. Jim Crow laws.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Content Vocabulary
• affirmative action
• security classification system
Academic Vocabulary
• diverse
• integrate
• arbitrary
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer
similar to the one below to list current issues
involving civil liberties.
Is affirmative action still a relevant, fair, and
useful premise for policy?
A. yes
B. no
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Affirmative Action
• Affirmative action is a set of policies
developed in the 1960s to remedy past
discrimination.
• Often the policies involve the targeted
recruitment of women and minorities.
• In Regents of the University of California v.
Bakke, the Court ruled that colleges and
universities could not use a quota system,
although they could consider race in
admissions.
Affirmative Action (cont.)
• In 1995 the Court overturned earlier
decisions by saying that federal agencies
could not automatically favor minoritybased companies for federal contracts.
• In 2007, the Court struck down the policies
of two school districts which sometimes
limited transfer students on the basis of
race.
What is the term given to the set of policies
developed in the 1960s to remedy past
discrimination?
A. anti-discrimination
B. affirmative action
C. corrective action
D. discriminatory
reversal
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Discrimination Against Women
• Women did not win the right to vote until
1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment
was adopted.
• In 1971 the Supreme Court held that a
state law was unconstitutional because it
discriminated against women.
• In Reed v. Reed the Supreme Court said
that any law that classifies people on the
basis of gender “must be reasonable, not
arbitrary, and must rest on some ground of
difference.”
Discrimination Against Women (cont.)
• Sometimes the courts have decided that
gender distinctions are allowable because
they are substantially related to public
policy goals.
Early Struggles: Women in Congress
Which constitutional amendment gave
women the right to vote?
A. First Amendment
B. Eleventh Amendment
C. Nineteenth
Amendment
D. Twenty-first
Amendment
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Citizens’ Right to Know
• Informed citizens are essential to
democracy.
• Since 1917, the government has used a
security classification system that permits
it to keep information that is important to
national security or foreign policy secret.
• In 1966 Congress increased the public’s
access to government by passing the
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
In 1966 Congress increased the public’s
access to government with
A. the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act.
B. the Freedom of
Information Act.
C. the Ninth Amendment.
D. the security
classification system.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Citizens’ Right to Privacy
• In 1965 the Supreme Court interpreted that
taken together the First, Third, Fourth, and
Fifth Amendments recognize an area of
privacy.
• The Ninth Amendment protects this right
because it says that just because the
Constitution names certain specific rights
does not mean that people do not have
other rights.
Citizens’ Right to Privacy (cont.)
• In the Griswold v. Connecticut, the Court
said that Connecticut could not outlaw
access to contraception because it would
violate the privacy of married couples.
• In 1973 the Roe v. Wade decision
established a woman’s right to get an
abortion during the first six months of
pregnancy, but individual states could
prohibit abortion in the last three months.
Citizens’ Right to Privacy (cont.)
• The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(FISA) required federal agents to get a
warrant from a special FISA court before
tapping domestic phone and computer lines.
• The Patriot Act and its revisions broadened
the definition of who could be seen as a
terrorist and expanded the government’s
power to detain, investigate, and prosecute
suspected terrorists.
In 1965 the Supreme Court interpreted that
taken together the First, Third, Fourth, and
Fifth Amendments recognize
A. search and seizure.
B. citizenship.
C. privacy.
D. ownership.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Citizenship
• A person who is born on American soil, born to a
parent who is a U.S. citizen, or naturalized is a
U.S. citizen.
• A person can lose citizenship through
expatriation, by being convicted of certain crimes,
or through denaturalization.
• Responsibilities of citizens include knowing about
rights and laws, participating in political life, and
voting.
Challenges for Civil Liberties
• Affirmative action debate over whether minorities
should be compensated for past injustices
continues.
• Efforts to stop discrimination against women and
minorities in employment, housing, and credit
policies continue.
• Citizens’ right to know sometimes clashes with
government’s need for security.
• Citizens’ right to privacy sometimes clashes with
state’s need to protect society.
Equal Protection of the Law
• The Supreme Court uses three tests—rational
basis, suspect classifications, and fundamental
rights—to determine violations of equal
protection.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
overruled the “separate but equal” doctrine.
• Civil rights movements throughout the 1960s and
1970s sought to end segregation and
discrimination.
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