Unit 2:
Chapter 4, Section 2
Personal Development
Mr. Young
Psychology
Different developments
• A sense of identity and self-esteem are
•
1.
2.
3.
very important and depend very much
on friends
Three different developments:
Cognitive
Moral
Identity
Cognitive Development
• Thinking patterns of
•
•
adults emerge, such as
abstract thinking (Piaget
called this formal
operations
Start to think more about
their own life
Rationalization- a process
whereby an individual
seeks to explain an often
unpleasant emotion or
behavior in a way that
will preserve his/her selfesteem
Cognitive Cont.
• Usually see a change in
personality and social
interactions
• Become idealistic,
rebellious, “messiah
complex”
• Lots of risk-taking,
impatience with the
previous generation
• David Elkind came up
with 6 different
problems faced by
adolescents
Finding fault with authority figures
• People they admire may fall short of who
they really are.
Argumentativeness
• Are not afraid to express their views
Indecisiveness
• Many choices create many indecisive
moments
Apparent Hypocrisy
• Have tough time living up to their ideal
Self-Consciousness
• Everyone and everything is focuses on you
Invulnerability
• I am Invincible, i can’t die, risk-taking
Lawrence Kohlberg
• Stage 1: totally egocentric, avoid punishment at
•
•
•
•
•
all cost
Stage 2: Receive rewards and avoid punishment
Stage 3: want social approval, worry about what
others think
Stage 4: law and order, moral issues
Stage 5: law is fair or just, it is good for society
as a whole
Stage 6: ethical principles that apply to
everyone, such as the golden rule
Moral Development
• A person’s moral
development depend
on many factors.
• Most important:
relationship he has with
this parents or
significant others
• Most moral
development occurs not
during high school but
during college
Erik Erikson
Identity Development
• Erik Erikson- shown how identity is key to
adolescent development
Erikson theory of Identity Crisis
• Building an identity is
unique to teens by
thinking about the future
as reality
• Identity crisis- a period of
inner conflict during
which adolescents worry
intensely about who they
are
• Several factors:
physiological, cognitive,
sex drives, intimacy
• Focused his study on
disturbed teens who were
seeking helping
Erikson Cont.
• Feel torn by choice of
•
•
being unique and
trying to just fit in
Crisis between
Identity formation vs.
Identity confusion
Task of adolescence is
to become unique
individual with a valid
sense of self in
society
Erikson Cont.
• Identity forms when the
adolescent can resolve
issues and answer the
questions, “Who Am I?”
• Role confusion is
normal
• Confusion is
represented by childish
behavior to avoid
resolving conflicts and
by being impulsive in
decision making
Marcia’s view of Identity Crisis
• James Marcia agreed with Erikson
1. Identity moratorium adolescents: considering
2.
3.
4.
issues but no decisions made yet
Identity foreclosure adolescents: made
commitment based on suggestion of others
Identity confused/diffused adolescents: no
serious thought to decisions or identity
Identity achievement adolescents: have
thought about and made decisions freely
Social Learning View
• A.C. Peterson say that
•
crisis is not the
normal view
Crisis is generally a
change in external
circumstances rather
than biological such
as divorce
Albert Badura
• Albert Bandura, Social learning theoryemphasizes interaction with others
Margaret Mead
• Human development is
a continuous process,
not one marked by
radical change
• In remote countries,
adolescence not
expected to act much
different than they did
as kids or will as
adults.
• Also, have gender
roles that are the
same as adults