Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
• What is anatomy?
• The study of internal and external structures of the
body and the physical relationships among body
parts.
• What is physiology?
• The study of how organisms perform their vital
functions through the use of internal and external
structures of the body.
• Chemical/Molecular
 Cellular (simplest
form of life)  Tissue
 Organ  Organ
System  Organism
• Figure 1-1
• Homeo : unchanging + stasis : standing
• The ability to continue a stable internal environment
• Maintaining homeostasis is essential for all living
organisms to survive.
• Homeostatic Regulation: the adjustment of
physiological systems to continue homeostasis
• 2 Mechanisms Involved
• 1-Autoregulation
• 2-Extrinsic Regulation
• Autoregulation: or intrinsic regulation
• Automatic adjustment in response to an environmental change
• Extrinsic Regulation:
• Nervous system or endocrine system regulation
• When a homeostatic regulation occurs there are 3 parts:
• 1- Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to an environmental change
• 2- Control Center: area which receives and processes the information
from the receptor
• 3- Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the commands
• Negative Feedback:
• Controlling or going against the change
• Example: Body gets too warm Negative Feedback: Body begins to
sweat
• Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
• Positive Feedback:
• Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the effects
• Example: Break in blood vessel  Damaged cells release chemical
 clotting begins  additional chemicals released  clotting
accelerates
• Important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion
quickly
• The Integumentary
• The Skeletal
• The Muscular
• The Nervous
• The Endocrine
• The Circulatory
• The Lymphatic
• The Respiratory
• The Digestive
• The Urinary
• The Reproductive
• Anatomical Position
• Hands at sides with palms
facing forward
• Supine: body laying with
face up
• Prone: body laying with
face down
• 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
• Right lobe of liver, gall bladder, right
kidney, portions of stomach, small and
large intestines
• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
• Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas, left
kidney, spleen, portions of large
intestine
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
• Cecum, appendix, portions of small
intestine, reproductive organs, right
ureter
• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
• Most of small intestine, portions of
large intestine, left ureter,
reproductive organs
9 Abdominopelvic Region
• Right Hypochondriac Region
• Epigastric Region
• Left Hypochondriac Region
• Right Lumbar Region
• Umbilical Region
• Left Lumbar Region
• Right Inguinal Region
• Hypogastric Region
• Left Inguinal Region
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Superior: above, at a higher level
Inferior: below, at a lower level
Anterior: front
Posterior: back
Ventral: Belly side
Dorsal: Back side
Cranial: the head
Caudal: the tail/coccyx
Medial: towards the midsagittal plane
Lateral: away from midsagittal plane
Proximal: close to attached base
Distal: away from attached base
Superficial: towards surface
Deep: farther from surface, deep
• Figure 1-8
• Transverse Plane:
Divides the body into
superior and inferior
sections
• Frontal Plane or coronal
plane: Divides the body
into anterior and
posterior sections
• Sagittal Plane: Divides
the body into right and
left halves
• Dorsal Body Cavities
• Cranial Cavity
• Spinal Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavities
• The diaphragm separates:
• Thoracic Cavity
• Right Pleural Cavity
• Mediastinum
• Pericardial Cavity
• Parietal Pericardium---opposing surface
• Visceral Pericardium---layer covering the heart
• Left Pleural Cavity
• Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Abdominal Cavity
• Pelvic Cavity
• What percentage of each element is found in the Human body?
• Oxygen---A component of water, important for respiration
• 65%
• Carbon---Found in all organic molecules
• 18.6%
• Hydrogen---A component of water
• 9.7%
• Nitrogen---Found in proteins, nucleic acids
• 3.2%
• Calcium---Found in bones and teeth
• 1.8%
• Usually do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as
part of the primary structure
• Most important
• Carbon Dioxide
• Byproduct of cell metabolism
• Oxygen
• Gas required for important metabolic reactions
• Water
• Accounts for most of our body weight
• Acids, bases, salts
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Most familiar are sugars and starches
• Most important sources of energy that are metabolizes vs stored
• 3 main types
• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
• Common example would be Glucose and is the most
important metabolic fuel for the body—Chemical formula??
• Can dissolve quickly in water and is rapidly distributed
throughout the body
• Disaccharides
• Is 2 mono’s joined together
• Complex molecule
• The body must disassemble them before they can be useful
• Polysaccharides
• Multiple Disaccharides joined together
• Our digestive tract can break these molecules into Mono’s
• Starch is a common example
• Cellulose-more energy expended through chewing than
made back through digestion
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Familiar lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
• Most are insoluble in water
• Form an essential component in all cells
• Phospholipids
• Account for 12-18% of total body weight in males and 18-24%
in females
• Common Examples
• Fatty Acids
• Glycerides
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Most abundant in human body
• Account for 20% of total human weight
• Functions:
• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Metabolic Regulation
• Coordination and control
• Defense
• Structure:
• Contain long chains of amino acids