Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
STRUCTURAL UNITS
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy
–Shape and structure of an
organism’s body and the
relationship of one body part to
another
• Physiology
–Function of each body part and
how the functions of various body
parts coordinate to form a
complete living organism
Branches of Anatomy
 Gross anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy
 Developmental anatomy
 Comparative anatomy
 Systematic anatomy
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
 Anterior or ventral
Front or in front of
 Posterior or dorsal
– Back or in back of
 Cephalic and caudal
– Toward the “head end” or “tail
end”
 Superior and inferior
– Above or below another
–
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Terms for Location or Position and
Direction
 Medial and lateral
–
Toward or away from the midline
 Proximal and distal
–
Toward or away from the point of
attachment or origin
 Superficial/external and
internal
–
On or near the surface or deep
inside
Terms for Location or Position and
Direction
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Checkpoint Questions
1. Which term means “towards the tail end?”
Caudal
2. What is another word for “posterior?”
Distal
3. What does the term means “towards the point of
attachment?
Proximal
Body Planes and Sections
 Sagittal plane
–
Right and left parts
 Midsagittal plane
–
Equal right and left parts
 Coronal (frontal) plane
–
Vertical at right angles to the sagittal
plane
 Transverse or cross section
–
Horizontal; divides body into upper
and lower parts
Body Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
 Dorsal cavity
–
–
–
Brain and spinal
cord
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
 Thoracic cavity
 Abdominopelvic
cavity
–
–
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
 Epigastric region (upper)
– Just below sternum
 Right and left hypochondriac
– Just below ribs
 Umbilical (middle)
– Located around the navel
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
 Right and left lumbar
–
Extend from anterior to
posterior
 Hypogastric (lower)
–
Pubic area
 Right and left iliac
–
Also called right and left
inguinal areas
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Smaller Cavities
 Orbital cavity
– Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic
nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts
 Nasal cavity
– Parts that form the nose
 Buccal cavity
– Teeth and tongue
Checkpoint Questions
1. What is the cavity that forms part of the nose?
Nasal Cavity
2. What are the terms that mean “just below the ribs?”
Right and left hypochondriac
3. What is the difference between the midsagittal and
sagittal planes?
Sagittal – separates body into right and left parts
Midsagittal – separates body into EQUAL right and left parts
Life Functions
 Living organisms may be unicellular
organisms or multi-celled organisms. They
include humans, plants, animals, etc.
 All living organisms are capable of carrying
on life functions.
Life Functions
 These functions allow living organisms to
live, grow, and maintain themselves.
Life Functions
 Movement
– Muscle system
 Ingestion
– Digestive system
 Digestion
– Digestive system
Life Functions
 Transport
– Circulatory system
 Respiration
– Respiratory system
 Synthesis
– Digestive system
Life Functions
 Assimilation
– Digestive system
 Growth
– Skeletal system
 Secretion
– Endocrine system
Life Functions
 Excretion
– Urinary system
 Regulation (sensitivity)
– Nervous system
 Reproduction
– Reproductive system
Human Development
Cells  Tissues Organs Organ system  Organism!
Body Processes
 Metabolism
– Functional activities of the
cell that result in growth,
repair,
energy release, use of food,
and secretions
• Anabolism
– Building up
•
Catabolism
– Breaking down
Homeostasis
 Ability of the body to
regulate its internal
environment within
narrow limits
 Essential to survival
 Works on a negative
feedback system
Metric System
 Measurements for length, weight, and
volume
 A decimal system
 Based on the power of ten
 Uses prefixes such as centi-, milli-,
and
micro-
Metric System
 Lengths measured in meters
 Weights measured in grams
 Volumes measured in liters
Checkpoint Questions
1. What is the difference between catabolism and
anabolism?
Catabolism – breaking down
Anabolism – building up
2. Excretion involves which body system?
Urinary System
3. Weight is measured in what using the metric
system?
Grams