Terminologi
Anatomi
PRINSIP UMUM PENAMAAN
• SATU NAMA UNTUK SATU STRUKTUR
(KADANG-KADANG ADA PENGECUAIAN)
• HARUS ADA DALAM DAFTAR NOMINA
ANATOMICA, BOLEH DITERJEMAHKAN
• MENUNJUKKAN BENTUK/LETAK/ FUNGSI
(ADA NILAI DISKRIPTIFNYA)
• HINDARI EPONIM  PENGGUNAAN NAMA
ORANG SEPERTI TUBA EUSTACHII ATAU
TUBA FALLOPII
Posisi Anatomi
• SEMUA DESKRIPSI
DIEKSPRESIKAN DALAM
HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN POSISI
ANATOMI.
• POSISI ANATOMI/SIKAP ANATOMI
 TUBUH BERDIRI TEGAK
 KEPALA, KEDUA MATA, KEDUA
IBU JARI KAKI MENGHADAP
LURUS KE DEPAN
 KEDUA LENGAN DI SAMPING
TUBUH DENGAN TELAPAK
TANGAN MENHADAP KE
DEPAN.
Body Planes, Sections, and
Cavitites
Body planes
• Body is 3D
• Can be split into
three planes
– Sagittal
– Coronal
– Transverse
• Anatomical Plane and section.
– Perpendicular to long axis.
- Transversal = horizontal = cross
sectional.
– Paralel to long axis.
- Sagital. Sagital section separate
right and left of body portion at
equal size.
- Parasagital . Para sagital separate
right and left body portion at
anequal size.
- Frontal = coronal section separate
anterior and posterior of the body
Sagittal Plane
• Plane splitting the body
into two parts (left and
right)
• Sagittal section is a cut
made longitudinally
along the body
• If it splits into two equal
parts = midsagittal
Coronal Plane
• Plane which splits
body into anterior
and posterior
section
• Ie. Facelift
Transverse Plane
• Separates body
along horizontal
plane
• Also called a cross
section
• Will divide an
organism into
superior and inferior
parts
Body Cavities
Cavities
• Opening within body
which protects internal
organs, and allows
transfer of
materials/information
• 2 Divisions
– Dorsal
– Ventral
Dorsal Cavities
• Made up of two smaller
cavities
• 1) Cranial Cavity –
holds and protects
brain
• 2) Spinal Cavity –
column which runs
through vertebra and
protects spinal chord
Ventral Cavities
• Divided into two
cavities
• 1) Thoracic – chest
area (holds heart,
lungs, and diaphragm)
• 2) Abdominopelvic –
lower torso (holds
digestive and
reproductive organs)
Directional.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anterior
Ventral
Posterior
Dorsal
Cranial
= front
---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.
= belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.
= behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.
= back = behind.
= toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the
abdomen.
Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body
superior is equivalent to cranial)
Caudal
= toward the tail ----- the hips are caudal to the waist.
Inferior
= below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to
hips.
Medial
= toward the mid line
Lateral
= away from midline
Proximal = toward the central of the body
Distal
= away from the central of the body.
Superficial = toward body surface.
Profundus = away from body surface.
Cranial
Proximal
Distal
Caudal
Superficial
Profundus
nnnnnnnnnnnn
Abreviation
a.
v.
n.
m.
aa.
vv.
mm.
nn.
= arteri
= artery
= vena
= vein
= nervus
= nerve
= musculus = muscle
= arteriae = arteries
= venae
= veins
= musculi = muscles
= nervi
= nerves.
Terminologi Struktur
• Bagian yang meninggi :
– Tuber
=bulatan yang menonjol
– Tuberculum =tuber kecil
– Tuberositas =tuber dg permukaan
kasar
– Condylus =bulatan besar pd ujung tulang
yg bersendi
– Epicondylus =bulatan kecil di atas condylus
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Spina
Processus
Crista
Labium
Pecten
eminentia
Cornu
=bangunan spt duri
=istilah umum utk tonjolan
=pinggiran tajam
=pinggiran berbentuk bibir
=pinggiran memanjang
=daerah yg meninggi
=bagian yg spt tanduk
• Caput
• Capitulum
=bagian ujung yg membulat
=caput kecil
Bagian yang cekung
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fovea
Foveola
Impressio
Fissura
Incissura
Sulcus
Fossa
Fossula
=cekungan
=cekungan kecil
=cekungan akb penekanan
=celah
=takik
=parit
=dataran cekung
=fossa kecil
Istilah utk lubang
•
•
•
•
•
•
Apertura
Osteum
Orificium
Foramen
Foramina
Porus
=lubang masuk suatu rongga
=saluran ke dlm rongga lain
Istilah utk saluran/pipa
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vas
Canalis
Canaliculus
Ductus
Ductulus
Tuba
Tubulus
Meatus
Istilah utk rongga
• Sinus
• Celullae
• Cavum
rongga lain
• Cavitas
=rongga tertutup berisi udara
=kumpulan rongga2 kecil
=rongga yg berhub dg
=cavum kecil
Movements
– Flexion
– Extension
– Hyperextension
– Adduction
– Abduction
– Prontaion
– Supination
– Retraction
– Protraction
– Elevation
– Depression
– Rotation
– Circumduction
– External Rotation
– Internal Rotation
– Inversion
– Eversion
– Dorsiflexion
– Plantarflexion
– Radial Deviation
– Ulnar Deviation
– Opposition
Movements
Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
–
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones
–
In the Anatomical Position we are extending
our joints
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts at
a joint beyond anatomical position.
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
Movements
Adduction
• Moving a body part
towards the midline of the
body
Abduction
• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the
body
Movements
Pronation
• Turning the arm or
foot downward
• (palm or sole of the
foot - down)
• Prone
Supination
• Turning the arm or
foot upward
• (palm or sole of the
foot - up)
• Supine
Movements
Retraction
• Moving a part backward
Protraction
• Moving a part forward
Elevation
• Raising a part
Depression
• Lowering a part
Movements
Rotation
• Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
• Tri-planar, circular motion
at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the
midline
External rotation
• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline
Movements
Lateral Flexion
• Side-bending left or
right
Inversion
• Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion
• Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion
• Ankle movement bringing
the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
• Ankle movement pointing
the foot downward
Movements of the Foot
Regional Terms
Medical Terminologi
Root = Kata Dasar
• Umumnya bahasa Latin
• Umumnya di dapat dari Anatomi
• Diberikan per sistem secara garis besar
Root
(example: systema digestivus)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Glandula saliva
Esophagus
Gaster
Hepar
Lien
Pancreas
Intestinum
dst
Prefix = awalan
Yang umum ditemukan :
• Kata-kata arah ( ab-, ad-, dst)
• Kata-kata jumlah ( mono-, bi-, pan-, mega-)
• Kata-kata yg menunjukkan warna (rubra,
flava, alba, grisea)
• Kondisi : eu-, dys-, iso-,osmo-
Suffix
•
•
•
•
•
•
-stasis
-lysis
-plasia
-itis
-phagia
dst
Conversion of Suffix.
Single to plural
us
i
musculus ---- musculi
um
a
ligamentum --- ligamenta
a
ae.
vena --- venae
Examples:
terminologi
Root
Suffix
osteophorosis
ossa
phoros
is
gastritis
gaster
itis
bicephal
Prefix
bi
cephal
Range of Motion
1.
2.
3.
Hip _Abduction_________________
__________________________
Hip _Adduction_________________
__________________________
Hip _Flexion___________________
__________________________
Knee _Extension________________
________________________
Ankle ________________________
_Plantarflexion____________
4. Wrist _________________________
_Extension________________
(a) _Hyperextension_____________
__________________________
(b) _Flexion____________________
__________________________
5. Hip _Flexion___________________
__________________________
Knee _Flexion__________________
________________________
Ankle ________________________
_Dorsiflexion______________
6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________
___________________
Forearm (b) _Pronation__________
___________________
7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________
______________________
8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________
______________________
9. Jaw _Protraction________________
__________________________
10. Shoulder _Rotation______________
______________________
QUIZ
1. Red arrow :
2. Blue arrow
3. Green arrow
4. The areas on the front and
back of the hand are
A. Palmar and dorsal
B. Dorsal and distal
C. Dorsal and distal
D. Proximal and palmar
E. Distal and proximal
5. The areas of the hand which are
closer to the body are referred to as
_____ and those further away are
referred to as ______ respectively.
A.distal and proximal
B.Dorsal and proximal
C.Proximal and distal
D.Palmar and distal
E.Cranial and caudal
6. The Transverse Plane divide the body
into _______ and ______ portions
choose the MOST correct answer below
A. Top and bottom
B. Posterior and anterior
C. Superior and inferior
D. Proximal and distal
E. Lateral and medial
7. The coronal plane divides the body
into _____ and _____portions
A. Left and right
B. Posterior and anterior
C. Above and below
D. Medial and proximal
E. Dorsal and caudal
8. The terms used to describe areas
that are, for instance, close to the
surface of the skin or further inside the
body are ______ and _______ .
A. Superficial and profundus
B. Dorsal and ventral
C. Cranial and caudal
D. Palmar and dorsal
E. Anterior and posterior
Selamat Belajar
.
• A 32-year-old woman delivered a large (4800 g)
baby vaginally after some difficulty with her
labor. Her prenatal course was complicated by
diabetes, which occurred during pregnancy. At
delivery, the infant’s head emerged, but the
shoulders were “stuck” behind the maternal
symphysis pubis, requiring the obstetrician to
apply some effort and maneuvers to free up the
infant’s shoulders and complete the delivery.
The infant was noted to have a good cry and
pink color but was not moving its right arm.
• What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the most likely etiology for this
condition?
• What is the likely anatomical
mechanism for this disorder?
• Compression of the brachial plexus cords
may occur with prolonged hyperabduction
• while performing overhead tasks. The
hyperabduction syndrome of pain down
the arm, paresthesia, hand weakness, and
skin redness, may result from compression
of the cords between the coracoid process
and pectoralis minor. An axillary-type
crutch that is too long can compress the
posterior cord, leading to radial nerve palsy.
• Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
will also injure its continuation, the
musculocutaneous nerve. Which of the following
findings would you observe in a patient with this
injury?
A. Weakness of abduction of the arm at the
shoulder
B. Weakness of adduction of the arm at the
shoulder
C. Weakness of extension of the forearm at the
elbow
D. Weakness of flexion of the forearm at the elbow
E. Weakness of supination of the forearm and
hand