
_________: government by an absolute ruler,
dictator, king, or tyrant (usually cruel and
oppressive).

Despotism: government by an absolute ruler,
dictator, king, or tyrant (usually cruel and
oppressive).

____________: the branch of theology
concerned with defending Christianity as a
reasonable faith.

Apologetics: the branch of theology concerned
with defending Christianity as a reasonable
faith.

______: one who believes that God exists and
that He created the world, but now stands
completely aloof from it.

Deist: one who believes that God exists and
that He created the world, but now stands
completely aloof from it.

________: one who believes that the evidence
for and against the existence of God is
inconclusive. (agnosticism)

Agnostic: one who believes that the evidence
for and against the existence of God is
inconclusive. (agnosticism)

_______________(Marxist philosophy): “thesis
and antithesis in conflict bring about
synthesis.”

Dialectical materialism (Marxist philosophy):
“thesis and antithesis in conflict bring about
synthesis.”

___________: a religious worldview as outlined
in ten categories (including theology,
philosophy, biology, economics) in
Understanding the Times. Its major tenet
includes atheism, dialectical materialism, and
socialism.

Communism: a religious worldview as
outlined in ten categories (including theology,
philosophy, biology, economics) in
Understanding the Times. Its major tenet
includes atheism, dialectical materialism, and
socialism.

__________: an outlook or policy which is
worldwide in scope (possible result would be
higher regard for worldwide issues than for
national issues). Sometimes a euphemism for
world government

Globalism: an outlook or policy which is
worldwide in scope (possible result would be
higher regard for worldwide issues than for
national issues). Sometimes a euphemism for
world government

______________: a philosophic cult of nihilism
and pessimism: it holds that each man exists as
an individual in a purposeless universe, and he
must oppose his hostile environment through
the exercise of his free will. Feelings become
the standard of human truth.

Existentialism: a philosophic cult of nihilism
and pessimism: it holds that each man exists as
an individual in a purposeless universe, and he
must oppose his hostile environment through
the exercise of his free will. Feelings become
the standard of human truth.

___________________: the belief that no
absolute moral code exists, and therefore man
must adjust his ethical standards in each
situation according to his own judgment (see
also moral relativism).

Ethical relativism: the belief that no absolute
moral code exists, and therefore man must
adjust his ethical standards in each situation
according to his own judgment (see also moral
relativism).

_____________: the study or theory of the
origin, nature, methods, and limits of
knowledge (study of knowledge).

Epistemology: the study or theory of the origin,
nature, methods, and limits of knowledge
(study of knowledge).

_______: system or code of morals of a
particular religion, group, or profession.

Ethics: system or code of morals of a particular
religion, group, or profession.

_______________: the belief that right and
wrong are unchanging, not determined by the
individual or the culture; revealed by God
through both General Revelation and Special
Revelation.

Moral absolutism: the belief that right and
wrong are unchanging, not determined by the
individual or the culture; revealed by God
through both General Revelation and Special
Revelation.

________: a philosophy that denies the
existence of any basis for knowledge or truth,
and results in an inability to ascribe meaning to
any aspect of reality.

Nihilism: a philosophy that denies the
existence of any basis for knowledge or truth,
and results in an inability to ascribe meaning to
any aspect of reality.

___________: the doctrine that matter is the
only reality, and that everything in the
universe, including thought, will, and feeling,
can be explained only in terms of the physical.
Basically synonymous with naturalism.

Materialism: the doctrine that matter is the only
reality, and that everything in the universe,
including thought, will, and feeling, can be
explained only in terms of the physical.
Basically synonymous with naturalism.

________________: the belief that right and
wrong (ethics) are arbitrary and transitory,
determined by the individual or the culture.

Moral relativism: the belief that right and
wrong (ethics) are arbitrary and transitory,
determined by the individual or the culture.

___________: laws both physical and moral
found in general revelation.

Natural law: laws both physical and moral
found in general revelation.

________: the industrial "propertyless" working
class; in Marxism, the exploited class that is
destined to subjugate and destroy the
bourgeoisie.

Proletariat: the industrial "propertyless"
working class; in Marxism, the exploited class
that is destined to subjugate and destroy the
bourgeoisie.

_______: Cosmic Humanist theology; meaning
God is everything and everything is God;
hence, the universe is self-existing.

Pantheism: Cosmic Humanist theology;
meaning God is everything and everything is
God; hence, the universe is self-existing.

________: literally the love of wisdom or
knowledge; a study of the processes governing
thought and conduct and
ultimate reality.

Philosophy: literally the love of wisdom or
knowledge; a study of the processes governing
thought and conduct and
ultimate reality.

In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians
not to be taken ______________by vain or
deceptive philosophies.
•In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians not to be taken

captive
by vain or deceptive philosophies.
In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians
not to be taken
captive
by vain or
deceptive philosophies.

In 2 Corinthians 10:3-5, Paul informs the
Corinthians that Christians should demolish
_______________________________________set
up against the knowledge of God.

In 2 Corinthians 10:3-5, Paul informs the
Corinthians that Christians should demolish
strongholds [or arguments or pretensions] set
up against the knowledge of God.

In 2 Timothy 2:22-26, Paul instructs Timothy
to teach the _______________to others that
have been taken captive. The hope is that
they will be set free.

In 2 Timothy 2:22-26, Paul instructs Timothy
to teach the
truth
to others that
have been taken captive. The hope is that
they will be set free.

What is a worldview?

A worldview is a way of ________or
____________the whole world. It is an
interpretive ___________or something you
look through when interpreting reality. A
worldview is the perspective through which
you ___________and approach ____and the
world. Everyone has a worldview—a way in
which you see and interpret the world.

A worldview is a way of viewing or
interpreting the whole world. It is an
interpretive framework or something you
look through when interpreting reality. A
worldview is the perspective through which
you understand and approach life and the
world. Everyone has a worldview—a way in
which you see and interpret the world.

What are some fundamental questions a
worldview answers?

A worldview answers such fundamental
questions as:
How did we ________?
 Why are we here?
 What is the _________or _________of life?
 Is there a difference between ______and ______?
 Is there _______?
 Are humans just highly evolved animals?


A worldview answers such fundamental
questions as:
How did we get here?
 Why are we here?
 What is the meaning or purpose of life?
 Is there a difference between right and wrong?
 Is there a God?
 Are humans just highly evolved animals?


How is a worldview like a pair of eyeglasses?
How is a worldview like a tree?

Eyeglasses—If your prescription is not correct,
what you see through your glasses will be
________. Without the proper prescription,
glasses will not help you see the world; rather,
they will keep you from seeing the world as it
truly is.


Tree—Like the roots of a tree, a worldview is
essential to life and stability. Just like the roots
of a tree, ___ _____ _____ someone’s worldview,
we only see the exposed part of the tree—their
_______.




“What does a text mean to me?” is the key
question when reading and interpreting the
Bible.

Eyeglasses—If your prescription is not correct,
what you see through your glasses will be
distorted. Without the proper prescription,
glasses will not help you see the world; rather,
they will keep you from seeing the world as it
truly is.


Tree—Like the roots of a tree, a worldview is
essential to life and stability. Just like the roots
of a tree, we do not see someone’s worldview, we
only see the exposed part of the tree—their
actions.

“What does a text mean to me?” is the key
question when reading and interpreting the
Bible.

False


The classical view of meaning is that a text is
a mirror by which readers generate meaning.

False



Meanings are communicated through genres.

True



If God had not placed the words of Scripture
within genres, we wouldn’t understand
Scripture.

True



A Bible verse is simply a part of a paragraph
and develops some aspect of the paragraph’s
big idea.

True


We must know what biblical passages mean
before we can apply their meaning to our
lives.

True



We must know the Bible’s information before
we can experience the Bible’s transformation.

True

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Christianity









C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Islam









C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Secular Humanism








A) Naturalism

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Marxism-Leninism








E) Dialectical Materialism

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Cosmic Humanism








B) Non-naturalism

A) Naturalism
B) Non-naturalism
C) Supernaturalism
D) Anti-realism
E) Dialectical Materialism
F) Common Sense Realism
G) Faith and Reason
H) Deconstruction

_____Postmodernism








D) Anti-realism and H) Deconstruction

________________is the study of the structure,
origin, and design of the universe

Cosmology
is the study of the structure,
origin, and design of the universe

______________is the belief that there is a “real
world” independent of human subjects

Realism
is the belief that there is a “real
world” independent of human subjects

_________________is the study of knowledge

Epistemology
is the study of knowledge

_________________is the study of ultimate
reality

Metaphysics
reality
is the study of ultimate

_______________________is the study of the
relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events,
mental functions, mental properties, and
consciousness) to the physical body

Mind/Body Problem
is the study of the
relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events,
mental functions, mental properties, and
consciousness) to the physical body

_______________is the study of existence and
being

Ontology
being
is the study of existence and

____________________A means of textual
criticism that considers a text open to
interpretation and laden with hidden bias,
assumptions, and prejudices

Deconstruction
A means of textual
criticism that considers a text open to
interpretation and laden with hidden bias,
assumptions, and prejudices

How does the naturalist’s “monistic” view of
the mind and body differ from the Christian’s
“dualistic” view?

For the naturalist, mind is merely the product
of _______ and evolution. For the Christian, the
mind existed ______ matter and brought matter
into existence. Christianity views the mind
dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and
________(the soul).

For the naturalist, mind is merely the product
of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the
mind existed ______ matter and brought matter
into existence. Christianity views the mind
dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and
________(the soul).

For the naturalist, mind is merely the product
of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the
mind existed before matter and brought matter
into existence. Christianity views the mind
dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and
________(the soul).

For the naturalist, mind is merely the product
of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the
mind existed before matter and brought matter
into existence. Christianity views the mind
dualistically— as both physical (the brain) and
________(the soul).

For the naturalist, mind is merely the product
of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the
mind existed before matter and brought matter
into existence. Christianity views the mind
dualistically— as both physical (the brain) and
spiritual (the soul).


First, a monistic view of the mind implies that
mankind is not immortal and that there is
nothing supernatural in our makeup that
survives death (no life after death).
Second, this viewpoint implies that we should
not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a
brain produced by evolution, since a “better
_________ of mind could occur any day.”


First, a monistic view of the mind implies that
mankind is not immortal and that there is
nothing supernatural in our makeup that
survives death (no life after death).
Second, this viewpoint implies that we should
not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a
brain produced by evolution, since a “better
mutation of mind could occur any day.”

What is the Marxist dialectic and how does it
work?


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (______) is eventually
opposed by another idea (________).
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (________), which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually
opposed by another idea (________).
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (________), which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually
opposed by another idea (antithesis)
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (________), which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually
opposed by another idea (antithesis)
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (synthesis) which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually
opposed by another idea (antithesis)
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (synthesis) which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly changing—nothing is ever _______.


The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a
constantly evolving process resulting from the
clash of opposing forces:
• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually
opposed by another idea (antithesis)
• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge
from this opposition (synthesis) which renders
both thesis and antithesis obsolete.
• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is
opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without
end.
The result of this philosophical view is that reality
is constantly changing—nothing is ever certain.

What is the “correspondence theory” of truth?
Why do Postmodernists reject this theory?

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it ___________ to ______.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory
known as ____________).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of ________.

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it corresponds to ______.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory
known as ____________).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of ________.

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory
known as ____________).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of ________.

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory
known as ____________).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of ________.

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory
known as anti-realism).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of ________.

The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a
proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.
Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible
to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory
known as anti-realism).
 Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to
correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their
resulting constructions of reality.


Our words only correspond to other words and, in
the end, create our understanding of reality. Since
words only signify other words, then words can
never be used in the pursuit of Truth.

How can we historically divide the premodern, modern, and postmodern periods?
How did each period view truth?


Roughly speaking, the Western world can be
divided into three different time frames:
______________ (< to ____) had a strong belief
in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods,
miracles, etc.


Authority and knowledge rested with those in
power, like the clergy and the monarchy.
Truth, while found in both our faculties and
experience, was predominantly discovered through
__________.


Roughly speaking, the Western world can be
divided into three different time frames:
Pre-Modernism (< to ____) had a strong belief
in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods,
miracles, etc.


Authority and knowledge rested with those in
power, like the clergy and the monarchy.
Truth, while found in both our faculties and
experience, was predominantly discovered through
__________.


Roughly speaking, the Western world can be
divided into three different time frames:
Pre-Modernism (< to 1600) had a strong belief
in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods,
miracles, etc.


Authority and knowledge rested with those in
power, like the clergy and the monarchy.
Truth, while found in both our faculties and
experience, was predominantly discovered through
__________.


Roughly speaking, the Western world can be
divided into three different time frames:
Pre-Modernism (< to 1600) had a strong belief
in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods,
miracles, etc.


Authority and knowledge rested with those in
power, like the clergy and the monarchy.
Truth, while found in both our faculties and
experience, was predominantly discovered through
Revelation.

_________ (_____to _____) was much more
skeptical of the supernatural.
Authority and knowledge rested with the
educated—scholars, scientists, etc.
 Human knowledge was believed to be the source of
progress and the means to a better understanding of
reality.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and
experience, was predominantly uncovered through
_______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).


Modernism (_____to _____) was much more
skeptical of the supernatural.
Authority and knowledge rested with the
educated—scholars, scientists, etc.
 Human knowledge was believed to be the source of
progress and the means to a better understanding of
reality.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and
experience, was predominantly uncovered through
_______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).


Modernism (1600 to 1960) was much more
skeptical of the supernatural.
Authority and knowledge rested with the
educated—scholars, scientists, etc.
 Human knowledge was believed to be the source of
progress and the means to a better understanding of
reality.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and
experience, was predominantly uncovered through
_______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).


Modernism (1600 to 1900) was much more
skeptical of the supernatural.
Authority and knowledge rested with the
educated—scholars, scientists, etc.
 Human knowledge was believed to be the source of
progress and the means to a better understanding of
reality.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and
experience, was predominantly uncovered through
human faculties (i.e. reason and the five senses).


_____________ (_____to _____) is skeptical of
absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and
reality, believing that in the past such claims
led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam,
Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2,
Vietnam, and the Cold War).
Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress
can be realized.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and human
faculties, is predominantly attained through
_____ _________ and _________.


Postmodernism (_____to _____) is skeptical of
absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and
reality, believing that in the past such claims
led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam,
Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2,
Vietnam, and the Cold War).
Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress
can be realized.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and human
faculties, is predominantly attained through
_____ _________ and _________.


Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of
absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and
reality, believing that in the past such claims
led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam,
Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2,
Vietnam, and the Cold War).
Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress
can be realized.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and human
faculties, is predominantly attained through
_____ _________ and _________.


Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of
absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and
reality, believing that in the past such claims
led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam,
Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2,
Vietnam, and the Cold War).
Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress
can be realized.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and human
faculties, is predominantly attained through
human experience and _________.


Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of
absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and
reality, believing that in the past such claims
led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam,
Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2,
Vietnam, and the Cold War).
Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress
can be realized.
 Truth, while found in both revelation and human
faculties, is predominantly attained through
human experience and community.

➲
Developed the Hierarchy of needs pyramid
Third Force Psychology
➲
Ivan Pavlov
➲
Sigmund Freud
J.B. Watson
Abraham Maslow
➲
➲
used in
➲
Abraham Maslow
➲
Extended behaviorism to humans
with his “Little Albert” experiment
➲
Ivan Pavlov
➲
Sigmund Freud
J.B. Watson
Abraham Maslow
➲
➲
➲
J.B. Watson
➲
Famous for founding behaviorism
with his experiments with salivating
dogs
➲
Ivan Pavlov
➲
Founded Psychoanalysis with its
emphasis on the unconscious mind
➲
Sigmund Freud
➲
Secular Humanists believe mankind
is innately (good/bad).
➲
good
➲
According to secular humanists,
_________ is responsible for the evil
of mankind.
➲
According to secular humanists,
society is responsible for the evil of
mankind.
➲
T/F Secular Humanists believe a
self-centered attitude is crucial for
mental the mental health of the
individual.
➲
True
➲
T/F Secular Humanists also believe
society must be restructured based
on this self-centered attitude.
➲
True

Marxists believe free will is crucial because
their struggle against the bourgeoisie must be a
____________________ struggle.

Marxists believe free will is crucial because
their struggle against the bourgeoisie must be a
conscious struggle.
➲
➲
Therefore they modify Pavlov’s
theories. They believe in a second
signal. What is the second signal
Marxists believe enables man to
have free will.
___________________
➲
➲
➲
Therefore they modify Pavlov’s
theories. They believe in a second
signal. What is the second signal
Marxists believe enables man to
have free will.
speech
➲
According to the Marxist what is
major problem in society?
___________.
➲
According to the Marxist what is
major problem in society?
Capitalism.