Do Now
Define the word ‘reform’
Lesson Objective
SWBAT identify corrupt practices and key
events that weakened the Catholic Church
History Alive!
Read
– 31.1 “The Reformation Begins” (Pg. 347)
– 31.2 “The Weakening of the Catholic Church”
(Pg. 348-349)
Complete
– Preview 31 (Pg. 213) – Chart comparing
classroom activity with its historical
connection
The Protestant
Reformation
1517-1648
Special Thanks to Ms. Stewart
For sharing this PowerPoint
Do Now
• Look at the image on p.347 and respond
to the following questions:
– What do you see?
– What is the name of the religion at the
beginning of the road?
– What might the cracks in the road represent?
– What happens at the fork in the road?
– What might have caused some Europeans to
break away from the Catholic Church?
Unit Objectives
• To understand the causes of the split
in Western Christianity
• To understand the underlying
differences between Catholicism and
Protestantism
• To understand the results and
relevance of the Protestant
Reformation on Western society
Lesson Objective
SWBAT explain the theological, political,
and economic differences that emerged,
including the views and actions of
Martin Luther and John Calvin
Holy Roman Empire in 1500
• Located in modern
day Germany
• Not a united nation
but a patchwork of
independent states
• Each State had its
own Prince
• The Ruler of the Holy
Roman Empire was
Charles V (Catholic)
The Catholic Church in 1500
• The Catholic Church was the most powerful
institution in Europe
• Held the monopoly on information and
education and owned a great deal of
property
• People resented the wealth of the Church
• The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
• The Church was corrupt!
The Catholic Church
Headquarters = Rome
Power of the Pope:
• Head of the Catholic
Church
• Occupies God’s
position on earth
(above any earthly
power)
• Infallible
What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:
Baptism
Eucharist (mass/communion)
Confirmation
Confession
Anointing of the Sick – Last rites
Holy Orders – men to become priests
Marriage
Height of Papal Corruption
Who?
Pope Leo X 1513-1521
What did he do?
Depleted Papal coffers
Money needed for
St. Peter’s reconstruction
Solution:
Sale of Church offices
Sale of indulgences
Pope Leo X with cardinals
Giulio de' Medici and
Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael
• Prior to the Reformation all
Christians were Roman Catholic
• The Reformation was an attempt to
REFORM the Catholic Church
• Martin Luther and others wanted to
get rid of the corruption and restore
people’s faith in the church, not
start a separate church
Martin Luther 1483-1546
•
•
•
•
Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany
Became a monk in 1505
Moved to Wittenberg, Germany in 1511
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Luther’s Issues with the Catholic
Church
• Luther had two major problems with
the Catholic Church:
• Indulgences
• Justification
• Luther believed that the Bible was
the ultimate authority - not the pope
or clergy
• Of the seven sacraments only
Baptism and Holy Communion
were found in the Bible
• He also came to believe in
justification through faith alone
not faith and good works
What was an Indulgence?
• A Papal pardon for sins
• A lessening of the time a soul would have
to spend in purgatory
– Purgatory = a place where souls too impure
to enter heaven atoned for sins committed
during their lifetime
• According to Luther, indulgences had no
basis in the Bible and the Pope had no
authority to release souls from purgatory
Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle
church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church,
not create a separate one
How Did Word Spread So
Quickly?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it
possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press
Reaction To Luther
• Gained support from
people (including the
princes in the HRE)
• Gained criticism from
Church
• Millions converted
Luther’s Showdown with the
Church
• Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of
Excommunication
– Papal Bull = Official document issued by the
Pope
• Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his
teachings
• Luther burned the Papal Bull
• Excommunicated!
• This behavior caused a conclusive and
irrevocable break with Rome
The Diet of Worms - April 1521
• Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned
Luther to a diet in the city of Worms
– Diet = assembly or meeting of German princes
• Luther was asked again to recant – he still refused
• Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet
of Worms
By Anton von
Werner
Edict of Worms
• Declared Luther an outlaw
• It was a crime to give Luther shelter
or food
• Frederick the Wise, Elector of
Saxony hid Luther in his castle
• Spent his time translating the
New Testament into German
(Vernacular!)
• This spread his beliefs even further
• Greatly contributed to the
development of the written German
language
A New Name
Lutherans started using the name
“Protestant”
for those who protested papal authority
The Peace of Augsburg 1555
• The Protestant Reformation divided Germany
politically
• Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism,
ending authority of the Pope in their states
• Charles V, the Emperor of the HRE tried to force
Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little
success
The Peace of Augsburg:
• Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion
• A Prince could decide if his realm was to be
Lutheran of Catholic
Reformation in France:
John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
•Literal interpretation of
the Bible
•Predestination
•Faith revealed by living
a righteous life
•Expansion of the
Protestant Movement
Predestination
• Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination
– God decided at the beginning of time who
would go to heaven after death and who would
not
• Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland
– Theocracy = government run by church leaders
Do Now
• List two of Martin Luther’s beliefs (that
contradicted what the Catholic Church
said)
• Define ‘indulgence’
• Define ‘predestination’
Lesson Objective
SWBAT explain the theological, political,
and economic differences that emerged,
including the views and actions of
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
Reformation in England
Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
• Henry VIII – King of England
• Roman Catholic
• Opposed Luther’s beliefs
• Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope
Leo X
• Reformer due to circumstance
not personal beliefs
Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!
• Catholic Church does not permit divorce
• Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce
male heir only a girl - Mary Tudor
• Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
• Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he
could marry someone who could give him a male
heir
• The Pope denied his request
• Henry created the Church of England and
established his own supremacy over it
Act of Supremacy - 1534
• Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
• Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth
of the Church of England”
• Many refused to accept Henry as the head of
the church and were executed for treason
• Sir Thomas More was one of them!
Another Girl for Henry
• Henry divorced Catherine and promptly
married Anne Boleyn – there was actually
a bit of an overlap!
• He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore
him another girl – Elizabeth
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF
PRINCESS ELIZABETH
SEPTEMBER 7, 1533
Henry’s Six Wives!
Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.
Catherine of Aragon
Annulled
Catherine Parr
survived
Anne Boleyn
Annulled then
beheaded
Catherine Howard
Annulled then
beheaded
Jane Seymour
Died
childbed fever
Anne of Cleves
Annulled
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml
Elizabeth I
• Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
Boleyn
• Returned the country to the
Protestant faith after her Catholic
sister Queen Mary I (‘Bloody
Mary’) died
• Through compromise Elizabeth
found middle ground with
Catholics and Protestants
• Made England a firmly
Protestant nation
• Little religious turmoil for decades
Branches of Christianity
CHRISTIANITY
Protestant
Roman
Catholicism
Eastern
Orthodox
Lutheran
Martin
Luther
Anglican
Henry VIII
Calvinist
John
Calvin
Puritan
Huguenots
Presbyterian
The Protestant Reformation Map
Results
• In the end reformers like Luther
established their own non-Catholic
traditions
• The Reformation caused a permanent
split in Christianity with the formation of
new Protestant faiths
Protestant Reformers Chart
• Use vocabulary/study guide, class notes,
and text book to complete the chart
– Luther (pg. 62-64)
– Calvin (pg. 65)
– Henry VIII (pg. 66-67)
– Elizabeth I (pg. 68)
Do Now
Why would the Catholic Church want to start
a Counter-Reformation?
Lesson Objective
SWBAT:
1) describe the impact of the Catholic
Reformation on society and government
actions
2) describe changing cultural values,
traditions, and philosophies
The Catholic CounterReformation
• The Catholic Church wanted to stop the
spread of Protestantism
• It was losing followers which meant it
was losing money
• They refocused on strictly following
the commands and rules of the
Church
The Council of Trent
• The Council of Trent
met between 1545 and
1563 to make reforms
• The Council of Trent
reaffirmed most Church
doctrine and practices:
– Salvation comes through
faith AND good works
– The Bible is not the only
source of truth
• Council took steps to
end Church abuses
The Jesuits
• Ignatius of Loyola - religious
leader who was devoted to
the Catholic Church
• Formed the Society of Jesus,
the Jesuits, to defend and
spread the Catholic faith
around the world
• Sent missionaries to Asia,
Africa and the Americas
• Known for setting up schools
Spread of
Christianity
• Protestant
England settled in
what is now the
United States
• Catholic Spain and
France settled in
what is now
Mexico and South
America
Conclusion
• The Protestant Reformation began as a
theological dispute between Martin Luther and
the Catholic Church
• Theological dispute becomes religious conflict,
as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for
their beliefs
• Religious conflict becomes a political conflict
between states seeking to advance their
positions
Map:
Major European Religions
Around 1600
http://ocas.pearsonschool.com/ph/cd/0-13-3170268/?token=53616c7465645f5f53776526f89e838b44485
7e34ac33bd94a15919211fd886574f122acb2e1a92a8d
4a81c7b5878f723697ebe4b562e813d038e6c60c094f2
fdd3a313b8cb72f77
(Pearson eText pg. 70)
Use page
70 in your
text book
(Pearson)
to complete
– a link for
the eText is
on my
website
Map Key: Color
Roman Catholic-Green
Orthodox-Red
Anglican-Orange
Lutheran-Yellow
Calvinist-Blue
Cities: Use a black dot to
indicate- Wittenberg, Worms, Trent,
Augsburg, Geneva, London, Paris,
Rome
Countries: Label in bold letters
Holy Roman Empire, England,
Scotland, Ireland, Russia, Sweden,
Norway, Denmark, Poland,
Hungary, Portugal, Spain, France,
Italy, Ottoman Empire
31A
31B
31C