Biology District Post-Test Review Name______________________
From molecules to organisms: structures and processes
Cells & Cell Processes
1) What are the basic tenets of cell theory?
2) Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3) Describe the basic structure of the cell membrane.
4) What is the “fluid mosaic model” of the cell membrane.
5) Describe the function of the following cell structures and organelles:
a) cell membrane
b) cytoskeleton
c) cilia
d) flagella
e) nucleus
6) endomembrane system
a) Rough ER
b) Smooth ER
c) Golgi Apparatus
7) lysosomes
8) ribosomes
9) vacuoles
a) large central vacuole
10) mitochondria
11) centrioles
12) peroxisomes
13) chlorplasts
14) cell wall
18) Which organelles are exclusive to plant cells?
19) Describe the following phases of the cell cycle:
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
e) **G0 phase
20) What is the relationship between the cell cycle and cancer?
21) What is the purpose of mitosis?
22) Define somatic cell.
23) If a parent cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have
after mitosis.
24) Sketch the phases of mitosis starting with 4 chromosomes:
25) Define diploid & haploid.
Biochemistry
26) List several properties of water that are important to biological systems.
27) Explain hydrogen bonding.
28) Sketch a few water molecules and insert hydrogen bonds.
29) List the 4 main groups of biomolecules.
a)
b)
c)
d)
32) Distinguish between monomers and polymers.
33) Explain dehydration synthesis.
34) Explain hydrolysis.
35) Complete the following table:
Monomer
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
36) Describe the basic function of the following:
a) Carbohydrates
i)
Glycogen
ii) Chitin
Polymer
Examples
iii) Cellulose
b) Proteins
c) Nucleic acids
d) Lipids
Cellular Energetics
37) What is the primary energy molecule for organisms?
38) Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP?
39) What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
40) What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?
41) What is an electron carrier? List 2 examples found in cellular metabolism.
42) Describe each of the 3 main phases of cellular respiration, list the products, and indicate
where they occur:
Phase
Glycolysis
Kreb’s/Citric Acid
Cycle
ETC/Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Description
Products
Location
43) Write the overall reaction for photosynthesis.
44) What are the two phases of photosynthesis? What do those names imply?
45) Describe each of the 2 phases of photosynthesis, list the products, and indicate where they
occur.
Phase
Light Reactions
Dark
Reactions/Calvin
Cycle
Description
Products
Location
Heredity – Inheritance and Variation of Traits
Fundamental Genetics
46) Define homozygous and heterozygous.
47) Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Give an example of a basic
dominant/recessive gene in humans.
48) Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. Can two organisms with different genotypes
have the same phenotype?
49) What is the purpose of meiosis?
50) Complete the following diagram of meiosis starting with 4 chromosomes in the parent cell:
51) Explain how the following aspects of meiosis promote genetic variation:
a) independent assortment
b) crossing over during synapsis
52) Define genetic mutation (in terms of nucleotide sequence).
53) Describe each of the following types of mutation:
a) Single-base Substitution
i)
Missense
ii) Nonsense
iii) silent
b) Frameshift
i)
insertion
ii) deletion
54) Describe the possible environmental and non-environmental sources of genetic mutations.
Molecular Genetics
55) What is the basic shape of the DNA molecule? Who discovered this?
56) Describe the structure of a chromosome. Include DNA, histones, chromatin in your
explanation.
57) What is the function of DNA?
58) Give a brief explanation of the following experiments that lead to the conclusion that DNA is
the carrier of genetic information:
a) Griffith’s Experiment (Transformation)
b) Avery-Mcleod-McCarty Experiment
c) Hershey-Chase Experiment
59) What is the relationship between genes and DNA?
60) Explain the “central dogma” of biology.
61) Complete the following table:
Process
Description
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Scientific Reasoning & Methodologies
62) What is a hypothesis?
63) How do scientists test hypotheses?
64) Define the following parts of a controlled experiment:
a) control
b) independent variable
c) dependent variable
Key
Location in
End
Enzymes
Cell
Product
65) How many variables should be tested during an experiment? Why?
66) Explain why is imperative that scientists share their conclusions with other scientists, even if
when they do not support their hypotheses.
67) Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations. Give examples of each.
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Characteristics and processes of the biosphere
68) Define symbiosis.
a) Give an example of parasitism
b) Give an example of mutualism.
c) Give an example of commensalism.
69) What is a food web and food chain?
70) Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.
71) List several biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems.
72) Define succession and distinguish between primary and secondary.
73) What is the water cycle?
74) Define each of the following:
a) Evaporation
b) Transpiration
c) Condensation
d) Precipitation
e) Runoff
f)
Seepage
75) What is the nitrogen cycle?
76) Define the following:
a) Nitrogen fixation
b) Denitrification
77) What is the carbon cycle?
78) Describe how carbon moves through the cycle in the following processes:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Feeding/eating
c) Cellular respiration
d) Burning fossil fuels
79) What does an energy pyramid show? Biomass pyramid?
80) For each of the following biomes list the main features of climate, plant and animal
characteristics.
Climate
Tundra
Boreal Forest
Temperate
Grasslands
Temperate Deciduous
Forest
Plant life
Animal life
Tropical Savanna
Tropical Rainforest
Chaparral/Shrublands
81) Distinguish between marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems.
Sustainability
82) Define sustainability.
83) Describe the growth of the human population (historical, current, and future prediction).
84) Distinguish between type 1, type 2, and type 3 survivorship.
85) What is a K-strategist?
86) What is an r-strategist?
87) Compare characteristics of r and K strategists in the table.
r-strategist
K-strategist
Size of organism
Life-span of organism
Prenatal care or not
Number of offspring
88) Describe human impact on biodiversity within ecosystems.
89) Define carrying capacity.
90) Define biomagnification. Give one example.
91) Define renewable resources and give 3 examples.
92) Define nonrenewable resources and give 3 examples.
Biological Evolution- Unity and Diversity
Evidence for Evolution
93) Describe how each piece of evidence supports evolution.
a) Fossil record
b) Biochemical similarities (DNA and protein)
c) Anatomical evidence
94) What are homologous structures?
History of the theory of evolution
95) Define evolution.
96) Describe how evolution occurs by the process called natural selection.
97) Explain how the Galapagos tortoises and finches were used by Darwin to support the theory
of evolution by natural selection.
98) Define coevolution. Give one example.
99) Define speciation.
100)
Explain how geographical isolation, behavioral isolation and temporal isolation lead to
speciation.
101)
What does a cladogram show?
Biodiversity/Classification
102)
What is binomial nomenclature? Write an example using the correct rules.
103)
List the hierarchy of classification from largest to smallest.
104)
Explain how domains group organism based on eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell structure.
105)
What is a dichotomous key?
106)
What is a dichotomous key used for?