Name: KEY
Biology: Study Guide: Cell Cycle, Cancer, Levels of Organization, Stem cells
1. List the phases of the cell cycle in order. Draw a picture that represents the cell cycle.
G1, S, G2, M
2. List the phases of mitosis in order. Draw each phase of mitosis.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
3. Explain what happens in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Prophase- centrioles move to poles; spindle forms; the nucleolus and nuclear envelope
break down; chromosomes become visible
Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell
Anaphase - centromeres split and the chromatids separate to become individual
chromosomes which move along spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase -the two identical groups of single chromosomes gather at opposite poles of
the cell ; spindle fibers break down and newly formed chromosomes begin to unwind
and spread out into a tangle of chromatin; a new nuclear membrane forms around each
new group of chromosomes
4. Define cancer.
a disease in which cells grow uncontrollably
5. Define mitosis.
process of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
6. What happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 - cell growth
S - DNA is duplicated
G2 - preparation for mitosis
M - mitosis and cytokinesis
7. What is a centromere? Centriole? Draw and label a picture of each.
Centromere—connects sister chromatids in a duplicated chromosome
Centriole—radiates the spindle
8. Which phases of the cell cycle occur during interphase? G1, S, G2
9. Cell formed during mitosis are called DAUGHTER CELLS.
10. During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes first appear? PROPHASE
11. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
METAPHASE
12. How do plant cells perform cytokinesis? FORM A new CELL WALL
13. How do animal cells perform cytokinesis? A CLEAVAGE FURROW IS FORMED AND THE
CYTOPLASM PINCHES IN
14. What does the G2 Checkpoint do? MAKES SURE THE CELL CAN PROCEEDE INTO M
PHASE
15. What is the average length of the cell cycle? 20 HOURS
16. What does the G1 Checkpoint do? MAKES SURE THAT THE CELL IS READY MOVE ON
TO THE S PHASE
17. What does the metaphase checkpoint do? ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell
division
18. What is the function of cyclin? they are the “go” proteins that tell the cell to start the cell
cycle
19. What are the structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material? CHROMOSOMES
20. What type of tumor is “harmless” ? BENIGN
21. Why do cells undergo cell division? GROWTH, REPAIR & REPLACEMENT, ASEXUAL
REPORDUCTION
22. If someone were diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer what does that mean?
CANCER STARTED IN THE LUNGS AND SPREAD
23. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? PULLS THE CHROMOSOMES TO
OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL
24. A group of cells that perform a specific function are called TISSUE.
25. A group of organs that perform a certain function are called ORGAN SYSTEM.
26. Blood cells working together are considered to be TISSUE.
27. What is the correct sequence of organization in the body? ATOMS—MOLECULES—
ORGANELLES---CELLS-TISSUES—ORGANS—ORGAN SYSTEMS--ORGANISMS
28. Define benign. tumors that do not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner and do not
metastasize; noncancerous.
29. Define malignant. -not self-limited in its growth and is capable of invading into adjacent
tissues; cancerous.
30. Define metastasize. -transmitting cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites
elsewhere in the body
31. What is the G-0 stage? When does it occur? Explain. occurs when G1 of the next cycle
should be occurring; a cell would leave the cycle & stop dividing-may be a temporary
rest period or more permanent
32. A group of molecules make up a(n) ORGANELLE
33. A group of organ systems working together make up a(n) ORGANISM
34. What is the primary difference between cancer cells & normal cells? CANCER CELLS
GROW UNCONTROLLABLY
35. Why is blood considered to be a tissue? A GROUP OF CELLS WORKING TOGETHER TO
PERFORM A CERTAIN FUNCTION
36. What happens after mitosis is complete? THE CELLS ENTER INTO INTERPHASE AND
THE PROCESS STARTS AGAIN
37. What is the goal of stem cell research? TO REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUE
38. What will happen if a cell has damaged DNA that it can’t repair? APOPTOSIS
What is the best known stem cell therapy to date? BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
39. What are stem cells? unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop
40. What is a duplicated chromosome made up of? SISTER CHROMATIDS
41. What structure is a good example of the interrelatedness of the circulatory and
respiratory systems? CAPILLARIES