Animal and Plant Systems and
Ecology
Mary Susan Mardon
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells lack a membrane bound
nucleus.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane bound
nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
Flagellum
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cilia
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Plant Cell
• Plant Cells have Cell Walls
• Have Plastids (three types)
1. Chloroplast
2. Leukoplast
3. Chromoplast
• Have large vacuoles
• Lack Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella
• Rectangular
Animal Cell
• Have Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia
• Lack Cell Wall
• Round
Specialized Animal Cells
• Three types of Blood Cells
1. Red Blood Cells
2. White Blood Cells
3. Thrombocytes
(platelets)
Specialized Animal Cells
• Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal-voluntary
2. Smooth-involuntary
3. Cardiac-involuntary
Structure of a Muscle Cell
Sarcolemma
Myofibrils
A Band
I Band
Z Band
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Specialized Animal Cells
• Epithelial Cells
1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Cuboidal
3. Simple Columnar
Specialized Animal Cells
• Bone Tissue
• Cartilage
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Immovable Joint
Nerve Cell
Specialized Plant Systems
• Plant Root Zone
Vascular Plants
• Have three different types of cells
1. Epidermal
2. Ground
3. Vascular
Epidermal Cell
Epidermal Cell
Ground Tissue
• Sclerenchyma: thick,
rigid cell walls makes
it tough and strong.
•
Collenchyma: have
strong, flexible cell
walls that help
support larger plants.
Ground Tissue
• Parenchyma:
are large
similar cells
that can be
used to store
nutrients
Vascular tissue
Phloem—
vascular cells
that transport
nutrients within
the plant.
Xylem—vascular
cells that
transport water
within the plant
Stems
• Provides support for the plant
• Transports nutrients from the roots to the
leaves
• Waterproof covering made of epidermal cells
and wax (cuticle)
• Some woody stems have cells called cork
which provide protection and prevent water
loss
Leaves
• Cuticle—waxy covering on the leaf
• Trichomes—specialized hairs on the outside of
the cuticle
• Guard cells-form openings for the stoma
• Stoma—regulate gas exchange with the
environment
Plant Systems
• Vascular plants have specialized tissues used for
transport
1. Flowering plants, ferns, trees, shrubs, conifers
2. Generally very large in size
• Nonvascular plants lack transport tissues
1. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, green algae
2. Most rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport
nutrients and water
Plant Systems continued…
• Phloem Tissue
1. Carry nutrients made by the plant from the
leaves to the stems or roots
2. Phloem tissue is composed of parenchyma
cells, sieve tube cells, and companion cells
Flowers
• Contain the reproductive parts of the plant
• Pollen is the male gamete is produced on the
stamen the male reproductive organ
• Ovary is the female gamete and located at the
bottom of the style (meiosis)
• Pistil is the female reproductive organ
• Anther produces the pollen (meiosis)
• Pollen grains stick to the stigma (top of pistil)
Flowers continued…
• Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down
through the style to the ovary where
fertilization occurs in the ovule
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen of a flower
is transferred to the stigma of the same flower
• Cross-pollination occurs when pollen of one
flower is deposited on other flowers (wind,
insects, birds)
Structure of a Flower
Plants and Light
• White light made up of all the colors of light
• ROY G. BIV
• Reflected light bounce off the leaf’s surface
and color is perceived
Plants and Light Continued…
• Plants contain two main pigments
1. Chlorophyll a absorption peaks at 665 and
465 nm
2. Chlorophyll b absorption peaks at 450 to 500
and 600-650 nm
3. Wavelengths 500-600 nm are not absorbed
by either pigment---reflecting green
Plants and Light Continued…
• Chromoplasts contain yellow, red, orange ,
blue pigment
• Chromoplasts are found in flowers and fruits,
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Photosynthesis is the chemical process plants
use to trap energy.
• Two stages
1. Light-dependent reaction occurs in the
stroma of the chloroplast
2. Light-independent reaction (carbon fixation)
uses ATP carbon and NADPH to form glucose
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Continued…
• External factors which affect the chemical
reaction include
1. temperature
2. light intensity
3. pH
Cell Respiration
• Cell respiration is the process of breaking down
molecules of glucose to release energy.
• Two types of respiration
1. aerobic—oxygen is required
2. anaerobic—other gases are utilized
• Three phases of cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron transport chain
Biological Classification
• Taxonomy is the classification of an organism
based on factors such as structure, behavior,
lifestyle, genetic make-up, nutritional needs,
and methods of obtaining food.
History of Taxonomy
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) used two categories to
classify plants and animals
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish botanist
developed a system called binomial
nomenclature to classify organisms
1. Genus species-----Homo sapien
2. Binomial name is written in Latin
Taxonomic Categories
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdoms
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Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaea bacteria
Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factors include all living organisms
1. Flowers, insects, mammals, sponges
2. Organisms must obtain and store energy
from abiotic factors
• Abiotic factors include all non-living
components
1. Water, soil, temperature, light
2. Determine the size of an ecosystem
Population Growth Patterns
• Population is a group of organisms of the
same species living in the same geographic
area
• Population dynamics include characteristics of
populations such as growth rate, density, and
distribution of a population
1. Growth rate of a population is the change in
population size per unit time.
Population Growth Patterns
• Immigration occurs when organisms move
into a population
• Emigration occurs when organisms move out
of a population
• Exponential growth (J-shaped curve) occurs
when the population growth starts out slowly,
then increases rapidly as the number of
reproducing individuals increase
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying capacity is the number of individuals
the environment can support in a given area
• Population size exceeds the carrying capacity
the number of births will decrease and the
number of deaths will increase
• Logistic growth (S-shaped curve) curve will
level out at a certain point
Regulation of Population Size
• Limiting factor occurs in a population that
restricts the population size
• Two categories of limiting factors
1. Density-dependent factors include
competition, disease, predation
2. Density-independent factors include weather,
natural disasters, and seasonal cycles
Ecological Succession
• Ecological succession is described as a series
of changes over a period of time
• Two types of succession
1. Primary occurs in areas that are barren of life
due to lack of soil (volcanic islands, lava flow)
• Pioneer species are the first species to grow
in barren land
Ecological Succession Continued…
• Secondary succession occurs when the
community of living things has been partially
or completely destroyed
• Climax community is a mature relatively stable
community where there is little change in the
predominant species in a area