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Table of Contents
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Treble Clef Notes
Bass Clef Notes
Grand Staff Notes
Flat Key Signatures
Sharp Key Signatures
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Rhythms in 4/4 Time
Rhythms in 6/8 Time
Dynamics
Navigating Music
Musical Terms
Treble Clef Notes
Table of Contents
Bass Clef Notes
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Flat Key Signatures
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How to find Do (Major)
How to find La (Minor)
0 Flats
1 Flat
2 Flats
3 Flats
4 Flats
5 Flats
6 Flats
7 Flats
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How to find the Major Key
– Write down which flats have been used.
– Find the last flat.
– Go back one flat and circle it.
– The 2nd to last flat = Do
• OR
– Last flat = Fa
– Count down to Do from Fa
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How to find the Minor Key
– Find Do
– Count down to La
– La = Minor key
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0 Flats
• Flats used: None
• Major: C Minor: a
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1 Flat
• Flats used: Bb
• Major: F Minor: d
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2 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb
• Major: Bb
Minor: g
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3 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb, Ab
• Major: Eb
Minor: c
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4 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db
• Major: Ab
Minor: f
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5 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb
• Major: Db
Minor: bb
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6 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb
• Major: Gb
Minor: eb
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7 Flats
• Flats used: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb, Fb
• Major: Cb
Minor: ab
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Sharp Key Signatures
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How to find Do (Major)
How to find La (Minor)
0 Sharps
1 Sharp
2 Sharps
3 Sharps
4 Sharps
5 Sharps
6 Sharps
7 Sharps
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How to Find the Key
– Write down which sharps have been used.
– Find the last sharp.
– Go to the next letter in alphabet.
– The next letter = Key
– Check to see if the letter has been used. If yes,
add a #. If no, then you’re done.
OR
– Last # = Ti
– Go to the next letter name!
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0 Sharps
• Sharps used: None
• Major: C Minor: a
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1 Sharp
• Sharps used: F#
• Major: GMinor: e
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2 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#
• Major: DMinor: b
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3 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#, G#
• Major: A Minor: f#
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4 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#, G#, D#
• Major: E Minor: c#
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5 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#
• Major: B Minor: g#
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6 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#
• Major: F#
Minor: d#
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7 Sharps
• Sharps used: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#, B#
• Major: C#
Minor: a#
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Rhythms in 4/4 Time
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Note and Rest Values
Quarter Notes/Rests
Eighth Notes/Rests
Half Notes/Rests
Whole Notes/Rests
16th Notes
Ties
Triplets
Dotted Quarter Notes
Dotted Half Notes
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Note and Rest Values
Whole Note
4 Counts
Whole Rest
4 Counts
Half Note
2 Counts
Half Rest
2 Counts
Quarter Note
1 Count
Quarter Rest
1 Count
Eighth Note
½ Count
Eighth Rest
½ Count
1/16th Note
¼ Count
1/16th Rest
¼ Count
Counting
Quarter Notes/Rests
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Rests will always be in parenthesis. (1)
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Eighth Notes/Rests
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
1 (+) 2 (+) 3 (+)4 (+) (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) +
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Half Notes/Rests
1_2
3_4
1
2_3
4
(1_2)
(3_4)
(1) (2_3)
(4)
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Whole Notes/Rests
1_2_3_4
(1_2_3_4)
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Sixteenth Notes
1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a
1 e +
2 e + 3 e + 4 e +
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a
1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a
1 e 2 e 3 e 4 e
1 e a 2 e a 3 e a 4 e a
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Tie
• A tie adds an underscore between the two tied notes.
1_2_3
4_1
2 +_3
4
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Triplets
1 la li
2 la li
3 la li
1 la li
4 la li
2 la li
1 la li
3 la li
4 la li
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Dotted Quarter Notes
1_+_2
+ 3_+_4 +
1 +_2_+
1 2_+_3 +
3
+_4_+
1
4
1_2_3
4
2 +_3_+ 4
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Dotted Half Notes
1
2_3_4
1_2_3
4
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Rhythms 6/8 Time
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Notes/Rests Values
Eighth Notes/Rests
Dotted Quarter Notes
Quarter Notes/Rests
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Note and Rest Values
Dotted Half
Note
6 Counts
Dotted Half
Rest
6 Counts
Quarter Note
3 Counts
Dotted
Quarter Rest
1 Count
Eighth Note
½ Count
Eighth Rest
½ Count
1/16th Note
¼ Count
1/16th Rest
¼ Count
Eighth Notes/Rests
1 2 3
4 5 6
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
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Dotted Quarter Notes
1_2_3
4_5_6
(1_2_3) (4_5_6)
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Counting
Quarter Notes/Rests
1_2 3_4 5_6
(1_2) (3_4) (5_6)
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Half Notes
1
2_3
1_2
3
Dotted Half Notes/Rests
1_2_3_4_5_6
(1_2_3_4_5_6)
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Dynamics
Dynamics tell you how strong or soft
to perform the music.
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Types of Piano
• Piano (Italian)
– Soft (English)
– Symbol - p
• Mezzo Piano (Italian)
– Medium Soft (English)
– Symbol - mp
• Pianissimo (Italian)
– Very Soft (English)
– Symbol – pp
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Types of Forte
• Forte (Italian)
– Strong/Loud (English)
– Symbol - f
• Mezzo Forte (Italian)
– Medium Strong/Loud (English)
– Symbol - mf
• Fortissimo (Italian)
– Very Strong/Loud (English)
– Symbol - ff
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Other Dynamics
• Crescendo (Italian)
– Gradually get stronger/louder (English)
– Symbol -
• Decrescendo (Italian)
– Gradually get softer (English)
– Symbol -
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Order of Dynamics
pp p mp mf f ff f mf mp p pp
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Navigating Music
How to navigate music like a pro.
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Vocabulary
• Repeat Sign – repeat music in between the
sign
• Capo – means head, but you go to the
beginning of the song.
• Segno – means sign, but you go to the sign.
• Coda – means tail, but it is the end of the
song.
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D.C. al Coda
• When you see D.C. al Coda go back to the
beginning of the song.
• When you get to the coda sign, jump to the
coda sign at the end of the song.
Start
D.C. al Coda
Beginning
end
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D.S. al Coda
• When you see D.S. al Coda go back to the sign.
• When you get to the coda sign, jump to the
coda sign at the end of the song.
• Start
D.S. al Coda
end
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Vocab Help
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A-C
D
E-L
M-R
S-Z
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Vocab Help A-C
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Accent – sing the note so that it sticks out
Augmented Triad – Do Mi Si
Bar Line – divides two measures
Bass Clef – lower notes
Beat – the steady pulse in music
Coda – means tail or the end of the song
Counting – how we measure the beat in music
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Vocab Help D
• Da Capo – D.C. means the head or beginning
of the song
• Del Segno – D.S. means the sign.
• D.C. al Coda – go back to the beginning and
sing until the coda
• Diminished Triad – La Do Me
• Dot – adds half the value of the note.
• Double Bar Line – end the song
• D.S. al Coda – go back to the sign and sing
until the coda
• Dynamics – how loud or soft you sing
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Vocab Help E-M
• Flat – lowers a note by a half step
• Grand Staff – when the treble clef and bass clef
are seen together.
• Harmony – when you sing two different things at
the same time
• Key Signature – tells us which notes are sharped
or flatted in the song.
• Legato – means to sing smooth and connected
• Major Scale – using all notes from Do to Do
• Major Triad – Do Mi Sol
• Measure – the notes between two bar lines
• Minor Triad – La Do Mi
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Vocab Help M-R
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Major Scale – using all notes from Do to Do
Major Triad – Do Mi Sol
Measure – the notes between two bar lines
Minor Triad – La Do Mi
Natural – unflats or unsharps a note
Pick up – start the few notes before the measure
Pitch – how high or low a note sounds
Repeat Sign – tells you to perform the previous
music a second time.
• Rhythm – pattern of long and short sound and
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silence
Vocab Help S-Z
• Sharp – makes a note a half step higher.
• Slur – means to sing the notes legato
• Staff – the 5 lines and 4 spaces we use to determine
pitch.
• Staccato – sing the notes short and separated
• Tempo – how fast or slow the beat is
• Tie – when two notes are sung together without any
break
• Time Signature – tells how many counts per measure
and what note equals one count
• Treble Clef – higher notes
• Triplet – squeezing 3 notes in the space of 2
• Unison – when everyone is singing the same thing at
the same time
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