During this unit, you will:
 Know the key ideas Enlightenment thinkers,
Revolutions in Europe and the Americas, and the
concept of Nationalism in Europe.
 Understand how the ideas of Locke and Hobbes
created the enlightenment, and in turn how the
enlightenment caused the Revolutions of the 18th and
19th Centuries in Europe.
 Illustrate the connections between Enlightenment
thinkers, the 19th Century Revolutions and Nationalist
movements in European nations.
Enlightenment and the American
Revolution
 Essential Questions:
 What were the ideas of John Locke and Thomas
Hobbes?
 How did the enlightenment ideas challenge the
traditions of European Absolutism?
What is Enlightenment?
 “A freedom to use one’s own intelligence” –Kant
 A Philosophical movement to discover the role of
society
 Cultural implications:
 Coffeehouses
 Salons
 Music- Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Chopin
 Art- Rococo and Baroque
Voltaire
 A philosophe (lover of
wisdom)
 Wrote Candide, a
political satire on
European Civilization
Voltaire
 Defended freedom of speech
 “my trade is to say what I think.”
 Many of his works were censored as egregious
 Formed the foundation for “Enlightened Absolutism”
 Scared of Democracy: said it would propagate the idiocy
of the masses
 Instead, Absolute kings with enlightenment ideas like
freedom of speech, press and religion should rule
 Will bring about the French Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
 State of Nature:
 People are naturally greedy and selfish.
 Is a state of constant warfare without laws or
punishment
 Social Contract Theory
 People will submit themselves to an authoritative figure
in order to protect themselves from others.
 Only government will secure social order.
John Locke
 Two Treatises of Government
 People are naturally good
 Law of Nature- there are certain rights that every person
is entitled to.


(Life, Liberty, Property)
Property is a mix of labor and natural materials
 People form government to protect their rights.
 But, government should be limited as much as possible.
 If a government fails, it is the right for people to rebel
against that government.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 “Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains”
 Like Locke, people started in a state of nature
 (perfect and innocent)
 As population grew, people formed villages and
worked together
 (frees people to divide labor)
 Invention of Private Property was the root of evil
 (with property comes greed and selfishness)
Rousseau
 Therefore, government
was created by contract
to protect all people,
while still helping the
richest and most
powerful to stay in
power!
Rousseau
 “The Social Contract”
 Felt society placed too many limitations on human
behavior.
 Government should control the people as little as
possible.
 Put his faith in the best conscious of the people… or
the “General will”
 (AKA…. DEMOCRACY!!!)
Economics: Capitalism
 Review:
Capitalism is a personal investment in money or goods
in order to make a profit
 Less government is best!
 “Invisible Hand”- everyone will benefit from capitalism
Economic Thoughts
 Laissez-Faire
 Keep government entirely out of economics
 “Leave it alone”
 Adam Smith
 -Wrote “Wealth of Nations”


Invisible hand (Butcher, Baker, and the Brewer)
Most important thinker on Capitalism (our economy stems
from his thoughts)
Basic Capitalist Principles:
1. Goods and services are produced for profitable
exchange.
2. Human labor power is a commodity for
sale  LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE.
Goods & Service
Consumer Spending
Businesses
Households
Wages
Labor & Investments
Basic Capitalist Principles
3. Individuals want success
and are driven by selfinterest
4. Law of Supply and
Demand
Individuals will produce
goods and services that
others want, at prices others
will be willing to pay.
Supply and Demand of Footballs in PA
Price
$80
$70
$60
$50
$40
$30
$20
$10
Qdemand
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
Price
$80
$70
$60
$50
$40
$30
$20
$10
Qsupplied
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Basic Capitalist Principles
5. Law of Competition

Since there are many people wanting to make
the same good, the economy will force a
producer make the best quality at the lowest
price.
5. Government should interfere minimally with
the free and efficient workings of the market
 Laissez faire [“Leave things alone.”]
Question: Explain the importance
of Capitalism by drawing a
diagram/cartoon
American Revolution
 Precursors to the revolution:
 French and Indian War. (1754-1763)
 Taxes, taxes, taxes.
 Growing hostility.
 Freedom of Press
French and Indian War. (1754-1763)
 British versus French for control of America
 British recruit colonists for help
 Colonists use guerilla warfare and win, while the
British use linear warfare and struggle.
 Britain wins, but goes into huge debt…
Taxes, taxes, taxes.
 Navigation Acts- Tariffs on goods coming into the







colonies from other countries (Mercantilism?!?)
Sugar Act of 1764
Currency Act of 1764
Quartering Act of 1764
Stamp Act of 1765
Townshend Act of 1767
Tea Act of 1773
Intolerable Acts of 1774
Growing hostility
 Reactions to these taxes:
 Boycott British goods
 Secret societies (Sons of Liberty)
 Boston Tea Party
 Boston Massacre
 First Continental Congress
Freedom of the Press
 Newspapers:
 Pennsylvania Gazette
 Boston Gazette
 Massachusetts Sentinel
 Journals and Pamphlets:
 Thomas Paine: Common Sense (1776)
 The New York Weekly Journal
 Poor Richard’s Almanac
 Political Pictures:
Boston Massacre!
Declaration of Independence
American Revolution
 Lexington and Concord
 “Shot heard around the
World”
 Bunker Hill
Northern Campaign
 British Strategy:
 Conquer as many cities as possible
 American Strategy:
 Make an army
 Defeat the British with as few casualties as possible
Northern Campaign
 Brandywine
 Germantown
 Saratoga
 Trenton
 Valley Forge
 Monmouth
Southern Campaign
 Approximately 1/3 of the South were loyalists.
 English Strategy: Recruit loyalists to fight for British
 American Strategy: Stall British in South until they win
in North, or get help from the French
Southern Campaign
 Battles:
 Savannah
 Charleston
 Camden
 King’s Mountain
 Cowpens
 Guilford’s Courthouse
 Yorktown
 http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/battles.asp
Two tries at government
1) The Articles of Confederation
First government
Placed too much power in states; too little in the
Federal Government



Ex. Taxes, Shays’ rebellion
2) Constitution
 Created more federal control, with a new capital city at
Washington D.C.
 Established a Bill of Rights
French Revolution and Napoleon
 Essential Questions:
 How did the French Revolution reshape social and
political institutions?
 Describe the rise and fall of Napoleon and his effect on
Europe…
Causes of the French Rev.
 Politics- Absolute
Monarchy
 Culture- Society broken
into the First, Second,
and Third Estates.
 First Estate: Clergy of
Catholic Church
 Second Estate: Nobles
 Third Estate:
Bourgeoisie and SansCulottes
Causes of the French Rev.
 Economic Large population of 20
million.
 High taxes on the Third
Estate
 Starvation and
malnutrition of the
Third Estate, due to
high price of bread/food
 Deficit by overspending
by the King!
80
70
60
50
1787
1788
40
30
20
10
0
% of Income Spent on Bread
Where is the tax money?
Causes of the French Rev.
 The French king could warrant imprisonment or
death in a signed letter under his seal.
 A carte-blanche warrant
 Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of
Louis XV!
 Eliminated in 1790.
Start of Revolution
-In 1788, King Louis XVI recalls the Estates-General
-The “National Assembly:” a congress of the Third Estate
The Tennis Court Oath
June 20, 1789
Storming of the Bastille
A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against
the National Assembly.
National Assembly
and peasants
break into the
Bastille and
gather
ammunition,
guns, etc.
The Great Fear: a Peasant Revolt
 Rumors that the 1st and 2nd estates were sending
hired soldiers to attack peasants and pillage their
land.
The Tricolor
The WHITE of the
Bourbons + the RED &
BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!
Revolutionary symbols
Cockade
La Republic
Revolutionary
Clock
Liberté
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen
August 26,
1789
V Liberty!
V Property!
V Resistance to
oppression!
V All men are equal
New problems associated with it:
1. Did women have equal rights with men?
2. What about free blacks in the colonies?
3. How could slavery be justified if all men
were born free?
4. Did religious toleration of Protestants and
Jews include equal political rights?
March of the Women:
 A spontaneous
demonstration from
Paris to Versailles of
women for bread.
 Marie Antoinette
 “Let them eat Cake”
Civil Constitution to the Clergy
July 12,
1790
Separated the French
Catholic Church from
the official Roman
Catholic Church
The oath of allegiance permanently
divided the Catholic population!
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Government paid the salaries of the French clergy
and maintained the churches.
• The church was reorganized



•
Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies.
Bishops  named by the
department assemblies.
The pope had NO
voice in the
appointment of
the French clergy.
It transformed France’s
Roman Catholic Church
into a branch of the state!!
Louis XVI attempts to flee
 Scared that he and his wife are in danger
 Tries to escape to Austria
 The French 3rd Estate captures him at Varennes, and
takes him back to Paris
Louis forced to accept the new
Constitution of 1791
Constitution of 1791:


An independent judiciary.
A permanent, elected, single chamber
National Assembly.




Had the power to grant taxation.
Renamed the Legislative Assembly
leaders made of Girondists
The king got the “suspensive” veto
 He could not pass laws.
 Basically a figurehead with no real power
The conservative response to
the French Revolution
The political spectrum:
TODAY:
1790s:
Montagnards
The Plain
(swing votes)
Girondists
(“The Mountain”)
Monarchíen
(Royalists)
Jacobins
French Revolution Part 2
National Convention:
•
Its first act was the formal
abolition of the monarchy on
September 22, 1792.
• The Year I of the French Republic.
•
The Decree of Fraternity
• it offered French assistance to any
subject peoples who wished to
overthrow their governments.
When France sneezes,
all of Europe catches cold!
Louis’ Death

Prussia and Austria
threaten to invade
France

Louis supposedly was
encouraging the
countries to do it.

The National
Convention voted
387 to 334 to execute
the monarchs.
Marie Antoinette off to the
guillotine:
San-Culottes and the Jacobins
 Both take control of the government
 Third Estate, leftist groups
 After another round of high bread prices, Sans-
Culottes ask and get passed The Law of the Maximum
 Sets bread prices
 Executes offenders to the law
The Committee for Public Safety
•
Revolutionary Tribunals.
•
300,000 arrested.
 16,000 – 50,000
executed.
•
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=9H7vxtJJ278&f
eature=related
Jean-Paul Marat
 Famous Journalist
for this time.
 United the Jacobins
and Robespierre
 Murdered in his
bathtub
Robespierre
“The Reign of Terror”

Robespierre is in control

The Revolutionary
Tribunal of Paris alone
executed 2,639 victims in
15 months.
Religious Terror:
De-Christianization (1793-1794)

The Catholic Church was linked with
real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with the
Ancien Régime and superstitious
practices.

Very popular among the sans-culottes.

Therefore, religion had no place in a
rational, secular republic!
The De-Christianization Program
1. The adoption of a new Republican
Calendar:
abolished Sundays & religious holidays.
months named after seasonal features.
7-day weeks replaced by 10-day
decades.
the yearly calendar was dated from
the creation of the Republic
[Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced the
state from the Church!!
The De-Christianization Program
2. The public exercise of religion was
banned.
3. The Paris Commune supported the:
destruction of religious & royal statues.
4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”
“The Cult/Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple,
Become the goddess of the French people.
No God!
No Religion!
No King!
No Constitution!
“The Festival of Supreme Being”
•A cult based on Deism, started by Robespierre
The problems of the DeChristianization movement:

It alienated most of the population
(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it.

Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”
was passed
 he persuaded the Convention to
reaffirm the principle of religious
toleration.
 December 6, 1793.
 BUT, it had little practical effect!
“The Thermidorean Reaction”
July 26  Robespierre gives speech
illustrating new plots & conspiracies.
 many felt threatened by his
implications.
July 27  the Convention arrests
Robespierre.
July 28  Robespierre is tried &
guillotined!
The Arrest of Robespierre
“The Directory”
 A stable, bicameral legislature that lasts for 4 years
It was just a “tweaked” form of government and still called
the First French Republic
 Ends when the military is used to assert control.
 Out of which, a man named Napoleon Bonaparte
eventually takes control of the Government
Napoleon Bonaparte
 Had been a very
successful general before
and during the French
Revolution.
 Directory becomes weak;
leads a coup d'état in
1799 and names himself
as leader of the Republic.
 In 1804, proclaims
himself as Emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte
 Leads a series of Military and Diplomatic victories that
makes France the most powerful nation in the world.
 In 1812, loses to Russia, which leads to his defeat as
ruler and France as the utmost power.
 Treaty of Fontainebleau- sent to Elba
 Comes back and is beaten again at Waterloo
Napoleonic Europe
The good of Napoleon
 Napoleonic Code
 Based on
Enlightenment
principles
 Ex. Equality before the
law, religious toleration,
advancement based on
merit, suffrage for men.
The good of Napoleon
 Spread of Nationalism
 Strong feeling of pride for your country
 Spread throughout all peoples in Europe
 Continental System
 Napoleon really hated Britain, so he economically left
them out of trade with the continent of Europe
 Helped allow more trade between countries.
The bad of Napoleon
 Overly controlling
 Doesn’t work well with nationalism!
 Goes against enlightenment ideas
 Turned against his main ally, Spain
 Unnecessary French casualties
 Ex. during the invasion of Russia, entered with 400,000
soldiers, made it back to France with 10,000.
Sources:
 “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/
chron/rch5.htm
 “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the
French Revolution.”
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/
 Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction:
Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge
University Press, 2001.
 “The Napoleonic Guide.”
http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm
Revolutions in Europe and Latin
America
 Essential Questions:
 How did revolutionaries seek to change the European
political and social system?
 How did the French Revolution and Napoleon affect the
people of Latin America?
Why did they start?
 French Revolution
 (if the French can do it, why not us?)
 Serves as a distraction from C. & S. American
colonies
 Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal
 Nationalism
 Autonomy
Revolutions in Europe
 Serbia and Greece- from the Ottomans
 Belgium- from Holland
 Poland- from Russia, Prussia
 Italy- from Austria
 German states and Prussia
 And yes, France again in 1830 & 1848
 Set up the Second French Republic
Revolutions in C. and S. America
 Haiti
 Was ruled by France
 Slave owners want to be independent from France (this
is during the beginning of the French Revolution)
 Many enlightenment ideas are read by slave owners and
slaves alike
Haiti
 Slave Rebellion of 1791
 Black Slaves
outnumbered whites 8
to 1
 Revolt against slave
owners and declare
independence
 Toussaint Louverture
leads black slave forces
Haiti
 Eventually gain
independence in 1804
 Becomes 2nd western
hemisphere country to
be a democratic
republic
 Dessalines is 1st African
president in history
Revolutions in C. and S. America
 Mexico
 Father Miguel Hidalgo



An ordained priest
Learned French and
English  could study
Enlightenment
philosophies.
Led the Mexican army
against Spain
 Gain independence in
1821
 South American Countries
 Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, etc.
 Enlightenment principles are spread in S. America

Goes against the Spanish-American social structure
 Series of Revolutions that carve up S. America by
nationalist/cultural countries
Spanish-American Social Structure
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native American
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Simon Bolivar
 Enlightened general that
led South American
armies against Spain
 Personally credited with
gaining independence
for Venezuela, Columbia,
Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia
 President of 3 countries
Brazil
 Owned by Portugal
 Social unrest in Brazil and Napoleon capturing
Portugal leads to revolution
b
Crane Briton’s “Anatomy of a Revolution”
“Anatomy of a Revolution”
 Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease:
 The revolutionary “fever” begins with the
appearance of certain “symptoms.”
 It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis
stage, or “delirium.”
 The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.
 A period of convalescence follows, interrupted
by a relapse or two before the recovery is
complete.