An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
Chapter 24
Name___________________________________Date__________Period__________Score_____
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1. The developments in science, intellectual affairs, and the arts that “opened the
2. way to a modern consciousness”
The difficulties faced by women, Jews, and the working class
3.
4.
The political problems of Great Britain, Italy, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, leading up to 1914
The effects of European imperialism on Africa and Asia
5.
6.
The issues behind the international crisis in Europe
The connection between the “new imperialism”, and the causes of World War I
I. Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences
A. The Certainty of Science
B.
C.
D.
Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906)
1. Radiation
2. Atoms
Max Planck (1858-1947)
1. Energy radiated discontinuously
Albert Einstein (1870-1955)
1.
2.
Theory of relativity
Four dimensional space-time continuum
3. Energy of the atom
II. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
A. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
1. Glorifies the irrational
2.
a.
a.
Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces
“God is dead”
Critique of Christianity
B.
C.
3. Concept of the superman
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
1. Revolutionary socialism
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III. Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis
A. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
B. The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900
C.
D.
The Unconscious
Id, Ego, and Superego
F. Repression
IV. The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism
A.
B.
Social Darwinism
1. Societies are organisms that evolve
Nationalism and Racism
1.
2.
Friedrich von Bernhardi
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) a. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890
V. The Attack on Christianity
A. Challenges to Established Churches
1.
2.
3.
Scientific thinking
Modernization
New political movements
B.
4.
1.
2.
Anticlericalism
Response of the Churches
Rejection: Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors
Adaptation: modernism
3. Compromise: Pope Leo XIII
VI. Naturalism & Symbolism in Literature
C.
D.
A.
B.
Naturalism
1. Emile Zola (1840-1902)
2. Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
Symbolism
1.
2.
Objective knowledge of the world was impossible
Art should function for its own sake
VII. Modernism in the Arts
A.
B.
Impressionism
1. Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)
2. Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
Post-Impressionism
1.
2.
3.
Light and color with structure and form
Subjective Realism
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
The Search for Individual Expression
1. Photography
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
Cubism: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Modernism in Music
1. Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929)
2

VIII. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
A. The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands for Women
1. Amalie Sieveking (1794-1859)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Clara Barton (1821-1912)
Growing demands of suffragists
a.
b.
c.
Emmeline Pankhurst *1858-1928)
Women’s Social and Political Union
Publicity
Peace Movements
B.
a. Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914)
The New Woman
1. Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
a. New teaching materials
b. Began the system of Montessori schools
IX. Jews in the European Nation-State
A.
B.
Anti-Semitism
Persecution in Eastern Europe
C.
D.
1.
Emigration
The Zionist Movement
1.
2.
3.
Pogroms
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
The Jewish State, 1896
Zionism
X. The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy
A. Britain
1. Working Class Demands
a. Caused Liberals to move away from ideals
2.
3.
Trade Unions
a. Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls
Fabian Socialists
B.
4.
5.
Italy
Britain’s Labor Party
David Lloyd George *1863-1945)
a.
b.
Abandons laissez-faire
Backs social reform measures c.
d.
National Insurance Act, 1911
Beginnings of the welfare state
1.
2.
Giovanni Giolitti (1903-1914)
Trasformismo
XI. France: Travails of the Third Republic
A. Dreyfus Affair (1895-1906)
B.
C.
Rise of Radical Republicans
Purge of anti-republican individuals and institutions
D. Economic challenges
3

XII. Growing Tensions in Germany
A. William II (1888-1918)
B. Military and industrial power
C. Conflict of tradition and modernization
D. Strong nationalists
XIII. Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities
A. Parliamentary agitation for autonomy of nationalities
B. Rule by emergency decrees
C. Growth of virulent German nationalism
D. Magyar agitation for complete separation of Hungary from Austria
XIV. Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
A. By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel
1.
2.
Development of working class
Development of socialist parties
B. Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
C. The Revolution of 1905
1.
2.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
“Bloody Sunday,” January 9, 1905
3.
4.
5.
General strike, October 1905
Under pressure, Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, the Duma
Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
XV. The Rise of the United States
A. Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
B.
C.
D.
E.
9 percent own 71 percent of wealth
American Federation of Labor
1. Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor
Progressive Era
1.
2.
Reform
Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
1. Income tax and Federal Reserve System
XVI. The Growth of Canada
A. Dominion of Canada
1. Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick - 1870
B.
2. Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
William Laurier, 1896m first French Canadian prime minister
XVII. The New Imperialism
A. Causes of the New Imperialism
1. Competition among European nations
2.
3.
Social Darwinism and racism
Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden”
4. Economic motives
4

B. The Scramble for Africa
1. South Africa
a. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
b.
(1)
(2)
Diamond and gold companies
Takes the Transvaal
(3) Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government
Boer War, 1899-1902
c. Union of South Africa, 1910
XVIII. The Scramble for Africa (cont.)
A. Portuguese and French Possessions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mozambique
Angola
Algeria, 1830
West Africa and Tunis
B. The British in Egypt
C. Belgium and Central Africa
1.
2.
Leopold II, 1865-1909
International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central
3.
Africa, 1876
Congo
4. French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River
D. German Possessions
1. South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa
E. Impact on Africa
XIX. Imperialism in Asia
A. The British in Asia
1.
2.
James Cook to Australia, 1768-1771
British East India Company
3. Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876
B. Russian Expansion
1. Siberia
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. China
1.
2.
Reach Pacific coast, 1637
Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire
Persia and Afghanistan
Korea and Manchuria
British acquisition of Hong Kong
European rivalry and the establishment of spheres of influence
D. Japan and Korea
1. Matthew Perry opens Japan, 1853-1854
E. Southeast Asia
1. British and French control
F. American Imperialism
1. US and the Spanish-American War
5

C.
D.
XX. Responses to Imperialism
A. Africa
1. New class of educated African leaders
B.
2.
3.
4.
China
1.
2.
Resentment of foreigners
Middle-class Africans
Intellectual hatred of colonial rule
a. Political parties and movements
Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901, Society of Harmonious Fists
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, founding of the Republic of China 3.
Japan
1.
2.
3.
India
1.
2.
Mutsuhito (1867-1912)
Meiji Restoration
Imitation of the West
Costs and benefits of British rule
Indian National Congress (1883)
XXI. International Rivalry and the Coming of War
A. The Bismarckian System
1.
2.
The Balkans: Decline of Ottoman Power
Congress of Berlin (1878)
3. New Alliances a. Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy b. c.
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
B. New Directions and New Crises
1. Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”
2.
3.
4.
Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
XXII. Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913
A. Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
B. Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
C. First Balkan War, 1912
1. Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
D. Second Balkan War, 1913
1. Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and
2.
3. defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference
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By the end of the nineteenth century, faith in reason, progress, and science was being subverted by a new modernity about the physical universe, the human mind, and in the arts. The anxieties about old certainties were seemingly confirmed by the Great War, which began in 1914.
The Newtonian mechanistic universe was challenged by the discovery of radiation and the randomness of subatomic particles. Max Planck said that energy is radiated in packets, or quanta.
Albert Einstein claimed that time and space were relative to the observer, and that matter was a form of energy (E=mc2). Friedrich Nietzsche lauded the instinctive irrational and blamed Christianity for its
“slave morality”, Supermen would transcend mass democracy and equality. Henri Bergson said that reality was a “life force” and Georges Sorel favored violence and the general strike. Sigmund Freud argued that human behavior was govern by the unconscious, that childhood memories were repressed, and that the mind was a battleground between the pleasure-seeking id, the reason of the ego, and the conscience of the superego.
Social Darwinists, arguing that society was also a survival of the fittest, justified laissez-faire government, but it was also used by nationalists and racists as a justification for war and inequality.
Science challenged religion, but fundamentalist put their faith in the literal Bible and Pope Pius IX condemned liberalism and socialism. But others favored social reform based upon religious principles and Pope Leo XIII criticized both Marxism and capitalism.
In literature, Naturalism exhibited a mechanistic attitude toward human freedom. Symbolists denied objective reality; it was only symbols in the mind. Art Impressionism stressed the changing effects of light in the paintings of Claude Monet. In Post-impressionism, Paul Cezanne and Vincent van
Gogh emphasized lights but also structure in portraying subjective reality (photography mirrored objective reality). Pablo Picasso’s Cubism reconstructed subjects according to geometric forms and
Vasily Kandinsky’s Abstract Expressionism abandoned representational images. In music, mood was stressed in the works of Claude Debussy, and the musical dissonances of Igor Stravinsky’s The Rite of
Spring caused a riot at its Paris debut.
Many women demanded equal rights, including political equality; British suffragettes broke windows and went on hunger strikes to gain attention. Anti-Semitism revived. In France, Captain Alfred
Dreyfus was imprisoned on trumped-up charges, and there were anti-Semitic political parties in
Germany and Austria. In Russia, pogroms led many Jews to emigrate. Theodor Herzl claimed that Jews should have their own state in Palestine. British Liberals enacted social welfare legislation. Germany’s
Social Democratic Party was opposed by the emperor and right-wing parties. In Russia, socialists turned to revolution; after the 1905 Revolution, Nicholas II accepted a weak Duma. By 1900, the United States was the world’s leading industrial nation.
National rivalry, Social Darwinism, religious and humanitarian concerns, and economic demands of raw materials and overseas markets contributed to the New Imperialism. By 1914, Africa has been colonized. Britain occupied Australia and New Zealand and took over India from the East India
Company. France colonized Indochina and Russia expanded to the Pacific. China was unable to resist
Western pressures, and Japan was forced to open its borders, but modernized by borrowing from the
West. An imperial United States emerged after 1898.
After the unification of Germany, Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and
Austria-Hungary. Russia turned to France, and Britain, fearing Germany’s ambitions, joined them in the
Triple Entente. Austrian annexations in the Balkans were resented by Serbia. With Germany backing
Austria and Russia supporting Serbia, a spark could set off a conflagration.
7

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914
__
Women’s Social and Political Union in Britain
________________________
Dreyfus affair in France
__
Revolution in Russia __Social Democratic
Party as largest in
Germany
__Open door policy in China ______Russo-Japanese War
__Overthrow of Manchu
dynasty of China
__ Triple Entente
France, Britain & Russia __First Balkan War
___Freud, The Interpretation __Einstein’s special theory of relativity
of Dreams
__Picasso, first Cubist painting __
Kandinsky,
abstract painting
TIME LINE - Chapter 24
8

Time Line
___
9

1. How do the philosophical trends of the late nineteenth century compare to the same era’s artistic achievements?
ANS:
2. Define Social Darwinism. How did this interpretation of human existence shape late nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century European society? In what sections of modern society today do we see the persistence of this philosophy?
ANS:
3. Define Modernism. What are its intellectual and aesthetic preoccupations? How did this movement affect literature? Art? Music?
ANS:
4. What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
ANS:
5. What did women hope to achieve in the feminist movement? To what extent were women successful by 1914? Today?
ANS:
6. Explain the persistence and growth of anti-Semitism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
ANS:
7. Evaluate the Russian Revolution of 1905, as to its causes, course of events, and results.
ANS:
10

8. What were the causes of the “New Imperialism” of the late nineteenth century? What were some of the arguments to justify this imperialism? What were the results or consequences of this imperialism?
ANS:
9. What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?
ANS:
10. How did “bearing the white man’s burden” affect European society in modern times?
ANS:
11. By the early twentieth century, was the Ottoman Empire still a major force in Western
Civilization?
ANS:
1. Max Planck and quanta
ANS:
2. Albert Einstein’s E=mc2
ANS:
3. Friedrich Nietzsche’s “Slave morality”
ANS:
11

4. Henri Bergson’s “life force”
ANS:
5. Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis
ANS:
6. the ego, the id, and the superego
ANS:
7. Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer
ANS:
8. Houston Stewart Chamberlain
ANS:
9. Ernst Renan’s Life of Jesus
ANS:
10. Pius IX’s Syllabus of Errors
ANS:
11. Leo XIII’s De Rerum Novarum
ANS:
12

12. Emile Zola and Leo Tolstoy
ANS:
13. the Symbolists
ANS:
14. Impressionism
ANS:
15. Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet
ANS:
16. Post-Impressionism
ANS:
17. Paul Cezanne and Vincent van Gogh
ANS:
18. George Eastman
ANS:
19. Pablo Picasso and Cubism
ANS:
13

20. Wassily Kandinsky
ANS:
21. Igor Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring
ANS:
22. the Pankhurst and the “suffragettes”
ANS:
23. the “new woman”
ANS:
24. Maria Montessori
ANS:
25. Alfred Dreyfus
ANS:
26. Theodor Herzl and Zionism
ANS:
27. Fabian Socialists
ANS:
14

28. David Lloyd George
ANS:
29. trasformismo
ANS:
30. Pan-German League
ANS:
31. Russo-Japanese War
ANS:
32 “Bloody Sunday”
ANS:
33. Peter Stolypin
ANS:
34. New Imperialism
ANS:
35. “white man’s burden”
ANS:
15

36. Cecil Rhodes
ANS:
37. Boer War
ANS:
38. Suez Canal
ANS:
39. Hong Kong
ANS:
40. “open door” policy
ANS:
41. Commodore Matthew Perry
ANS:
42. Boxer Rebellion
ANS:
43. Meiji Restoration
ANS:
16

44. Indian National Congress
ANS:
45. Bismarckian System
ANS:
46. Congress of Berlin
ANS:
47. Triple Alliance
ANS:
48. Emperor William II
ANS:
49. Triple Entente
ANS:
50. Balkans’ Crises
ANS:
17

I am come a light unto the world that whosoever believe s on me should not abide in darkness John 12:46
Blessed are they that hear the word of God and keep it Luke 11:28
18

Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 24
AP European History
Questions & Ideas Notes
19

Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 24
AP European History
Questions & Ideas Notes
20

Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 24
AP European History
Questions & Ideas Notes
21

Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 24
AP European History
Questions & Ideas Notes
22

Critical Thinking Questions Chapter 24
23

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
Chapter 24
Name___________________________________Date__________Period__________Score_____
1. The developments in science, intellectual affairs, and the arts that “opened the way to a modern consciousness”
24

2. The difficulties faced by women, Jews, and the working class
25

3. The political problems of Great Britain, Italy, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, leading up to 1914
26

4. The effects of European imperialism on Africa and Asia
27

5. The issues behind the international crisis in Europe
28

6. The connection between the “new imperialism”, and the causes of World War I
29

30