World War Looms
Failures of WWI Peace
Settlement
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Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair
Russia resented their land was taken away to
form Poland & Lithuania
Treaty left war-torn nations to rebuild on their
own
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Gave new democracies little chance at survival
What took place as democracy collapsed?
Stalin & the Soviet Union
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1922: Revolutions in
Russia gave way to a
Communist state
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Soviet Union
1924: Joseph Stalin took
control of the gov’t
Focused on creating a
model Communist state
Stalin & SU contd
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1927: Stamped out all private enterprise
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Production only under state control
1928: Goal- turn SU into great industrial
power
To accomplish goals the Soviet became
a police state
Fascism in Italy
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1919: Benito Mussolini began
his rise to power
Many people who feared
communism became
supporters of Mussolini
1935: Fascist Part established
& won 35 seats in Italian
Parliament
FACISM: strong centralized govt headed by a dictator
Nazis take over Germany
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1919: Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi
party, soon became leader or
Fuhrer
Mein Kamf (My Struggle)
March 1932: Hitler won more votes
than any other party
Jan. 1933: appointed Chancellor
Once in power democratic govt
dismantled
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Third Reich established
Japan
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Militaristic leaders take over
Shared Hitler’s belief in more living
space
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1931: Surprise invasion of Manchuria
First test for League of Nations
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Report condemned Japan
Japan simply quit League
League of Nations Failure
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1933: Hitler pulls Germany out of League
1935: Began military build up
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Sent troops into the Rhineland
Signed Rome-Berlin Axis Pact
Mussolini began building his own Roman
Empire
June 1936: Ethiopia fell to Italy
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“It is us today, it will be you tomorrow” Ethiopian
Emporer
America Responds
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Americans had strong anti-war feelings
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1937: poll 70% of Americans believed they
should not have entered WWI
Breakdown
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America took sides when Hitler &
Mussolini came to Franco’s aid
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Supported Franco with
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Troops, weapons, & fighter planes
1939: Spain fell to a totalitarian govt.
1937: FDR went against Neutrality acts
& sent China aid
Austria
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Feb 1938: Hitler met with Austrian chancellor
Kurt von Schuschnigg
Schuschnigg was bullied into signing a pact
that brought Austrian Nazis into his govt.
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Schuschnigg had second thoughts
March 12, 1938: German troops forced
chancellor to resign
Sudetenland
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At the end of WWI
the Sudetenland
was joined to
Czechoslovakia
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Mountainous region
with 3 million
German speaking
people
Sudetenland
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Spring 1938: Hitler charged the Czechs
with abusing Sudeten Germans
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France & GB promised to protect
Czechoslovakia
Just before war broke Hitler called a
meeting in Munich
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Edouard Daladier - French Premier
Neville Chamberlain- British PM
Sudetenland
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Hitler claimed
Sudetenland would
be his last territorial
claim
September 1938:
Munich Pact signed
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Turned land over to
Hitler w/o a shot fired
Reactions
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Chamberlain returned
home claiming “peace
in our time”
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Britain rejoiced except for
Winston Churchill
Churchill claimed the
pact was a policy of
appeasement
German Offensive Begins
March 1939:Hitler broke the Munich Pact &
seized control of Czechoslovakia
Poland
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Charged with the same mistreatment of
Germans
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Both France & GB promised aid
People didn’t think Hitler was serious
because of the Soviet’s location to Poland
Stalin did not want war with Germany
August 1939: The SU & Germany signed a
non-agression pact
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Also signed a secret pact: agreeing to divide
Poland between them
Invasion of Poland
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Sept. 1939: Nazi soldiers
marching through Warsaw
Sept. 1, 1939:
German war planes
flew over Poland
dropping bombs &
tanks rolled over the
country side
Poland
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Germany tested a
new strategyBlitzkrieg or
lightning war
By the end of Sept.
Poland ceased to
exist
Britain & France
declared war on
Germany Sept. 3
Europe 1939
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Axis Powers
Japan, Germany, & Italy
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Tripartite Pact -each Axis nation agreed
to come to the aid of the other incase of
attack
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If the United States were to declare war on
any Axis power it would face a two ocean
war
The Phony War
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Countries expect & braced for heavy
combat
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Troops sat & waited in peace
After months SU broke the peace by
taking countries it lost in WWI
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Finland was the only one to put up a fight &
fell
Phony War Ends
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By the end of May
Germany took …
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Denmark, Norway,
Netherlands,
Belgium &
Luxembourg
Fall of France
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Before the war France fortified its
border with Germany (Maginot line)
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Invasion of Belgium threatened France
Hitler sent forces to France
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Allied forces fled to Dunkirk
Italy invades from the south
Fall of France
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June 1940:Germany
reached Paris
Hitler hands over his
terms of surrender
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Germans occupy
Northern France
Nazi-controlled
puppet govt. in S.
France
France
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General Charles
DeGaule
Fled to England
Set up govt in exile
Britain Stands Alone
May 1940: Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister
Battle of Britain
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Summer- Fall 1940
The Blitz
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Luftwaffe or German
Airforce
Goal: gain control of
the skies
On a single day
1,000 planes would
bomb England
Battle of Britain
Targets:
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Royal Air Force (RAF)
Airfields, aircraft &
eventually cities
RAF: fought back
with help of radar
The London “Tube”
Air Raid shelters during the “blitz”
Non-Aggression
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June 1941- Hitler ignored his peace
treaty with Stalin and invades the Soviet
Soviets carried out a slash and burn
policy to keep up a fight against Hitler
FDR started sending supplies to Stalin
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U-Boat Attacks
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British & Soviet supplies from America
were being destroyed by U-boats
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Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups
April-May 1941: Germans sank 1.2 million
tons of British shipping
June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect
shipments
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Permission to attack U-boats in self defense
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Atlantic Charter
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FDR & Winston Churchill met secretly to
form a declaration of war principles
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Atlantic Charter spelled out causes in
which WWII was fought
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Japanese Aggression
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Nationalist leaders take control of Japanese
government
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Shared Hitler’s belief of more living space
Japan kept claiming more lands in its
colonial empire
July 1941- Japan takes military bases in
French Indochina
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US cut off trade with Japan
Oil embargo
Japan Continued
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October 1941- Hideki Tojo became Prime
Minister of Japan
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Tojo promised Hirohito a final attempt to make
peace with America
No peace = war
November 5, 1941- Tojo flew to Washington
for peace talks
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At the same time he ordered the Japanese navy to
prepare for attack
Japan
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The US broke Japan’s secret codes
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They knew an attack was coming but did not know
when
FDR sent a war warning to Guam, the Philippines,
and Hawaii
Peace talks went on for a month
Dec. 6- FDR received a decoded message
instructing Japan to reject all peace terms
“A date that will live in
infamy”…
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Dec. 7, 1941- Two wave attack on
Oahu, Hawaii
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First at 7:53 am
Second at 8:55 am
2,403 left dead
188 destroyed planes
8 damaged or destroyed battleships
Pearl Harbor
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Japanese Navy crippled the entire US
Pacific Fleet
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More damage to US Navy than all of WWI
Threw America into a two front war
Congress approved a declaration of war
the next day
Dec 11- Germany & Italy declared war on
the US
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Pearl Harbor
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Turning point in the war
Germans are on the defensive for the
rest of the war
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* US not involved
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the
Orders for D-Day
Prior to D-DAY
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Allied landing on the
shores of Normandy
Code Name: Operation
Overlord
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5,000 ships
11,000 aircraft
150,000 men
Normandy Landing
Defeat of Germany
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May 2, 1945: Berlin
falls
May 7: surrender
signed
May 8: V-E Day the war
in Europe is over
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Germany placed under
Allied control & divided
into 4 occupied zones
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Chapter 25
Section 1
America Mobilizes on the
Home Front
Selective Service
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“Remember Pearl Harbor”
5 million men volunteered for the war effort
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Not enough to fight two front war
Selective Service
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Draft provided 10 million soldiers to meet the
military’s needs
All men 18-45 required to register
A GI’s basic training lasted 8 weeks
Women in the Military
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1942- Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC) is formed
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Women did the same jobs as men for less
pay, rank, and/or benefits
Great opposition
13,000 women applied on the first day
250,000 in all
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Minorities
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All fought in segregated units
Most African Americans were assigned non
combat roles except for Tuskegee Airmen
Tuskegee Airmen - all black unit of Army Air
Pilots
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From 1940-1946, 1,000 Black pilots were
trained
The Airmen’s success during WWII was not
losing a single bomber to enemy fire in
more than 200 combat missions
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Industrial Response
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Onset of war caused great industrial boom
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Factories were reconfigured for war
production
Workers schedules expanded to 60 hour
weeks
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325 new factories in Chicago
Increase in work was great for nation
Due to the draft a large number of men were
absent from jobs
Women and Labor
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Women and Labor
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“The More Women at work the sooner we will
win”
Held many benefits
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Extra income for families struggling to get out of
the Depression
14.6 million women prior to war 19.4 million
during war
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More than 2 million recruited by posters
By the end of the war 1 in 4 housewives was
employed
Women & Labor
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1940
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39 million men
12.5 million women
1950
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43 million men
16 million women
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Women and Labor
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African Americans & Labor
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2 million minorities hired during war
years
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Prior to war 75% of defense contractors
refused to hire African Americans
Others were employed in unskilled jobs
African Americans & Labor
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Protests organized
by A. Philip
Randolph
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Randolph agreed to
back down when
FDR called for fair
employment
Government Control
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Office of Scientific Research &
Development - OSRD
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Brought scientists into the war effort
Developed DDT- kept away body lice
Began developing the atom bomb
1939- Uranium atom split (German)
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Albert Einstein wrote FDR warning of dev.
Start of Manhattan Project
Government take Control
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Took measures to prevent inflation
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Office of Price Administration:
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Froze prices on most goods
Extended income tax
Encouraged purchase of war bonds
Set up rationing - Coupons - meat, butter,
cheese, sugar, coffee
Government Control
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War Production Board
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In charge of converting companies to
wartime co.
Collections of : scrap metals, tin, iron,
paper, rags, and cooking fat
Rationed fuel & vital material to the war
effort
Japanese Internment
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1942-Forced removal of 120,000
Japanese & Japanese Americans
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62% American citizens
Entire West Coast sent to “war relocation
camps”
1944- Supreme Court
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Upheld internment based on ability to
curtail civil rights of a racial group when it’s
a public necessity
Japanese Internment
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Japanese Internment
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Japanese Internment
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Photo by: Ansel Adams
Japanese Internment
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Homework
1.
2.
3.
Describe the changes brought to
home life because of the war. (detail!)
How did Americans react to the
Japanese American population?
What Amendments did relocation
violate?
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
•BATAAN
•DEC 1941- JAN 1942
•LOCATION: PHILIPPINES
•WINNER: JAPAN
•US LOSES CONTROL OF PHILIPPINES
•12,000 SURRENDER AT BATAAN
•85,000 DIE - BATAAN DEATH MARCH (65 miles
In 3 days to POW camp)
* MacArthur- “I shall return”
War in the Pacific
*First
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6 months after Pearl HarborJapanese take an empire that dwarfed
Hitler’s
After the war in Europe was over the
focus moved to the Pacific
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“Island hopping”
Air Raids on Tokyo
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APRIL 1942
WHERE: Japan
WHO: Colonel James Doolittle
WINNER: US
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Psychological victory for US because
bombs do little damage to Tokyo
Japan questions its defense
Battle of Midway
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TURNING POINT OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
 Japan wanted islands that sit 1,000 miles
northwest of HI to use as an outpost
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Organized a surprised attack with 200 ships & 600 planes
US found out about the attack
June 3, 1942: Japanese were spotted by the
US & attacked with torpedo planes & sank 4
carriers
Japanese retreat
Island Hopping
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LOCATION: South & Central Pacific Islands
April 1943- June 1944
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Winner: US
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US plan to attack selected islands & ignore others
Battles take place on many islands including:
 Truk, Tarawa, Marshall, Eniwetok
Iwo Jima & Okinawa
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June- Feb 1945
South of Japan
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Islands needed for air strikes on Japan
Very costly for US to take both islands
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Iwo: 7,000 KIA & 19,000 wounded
Okinawa: 50,000 casualties
Japan lost over 130,000 combined
Defeat of Japan
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Aug- Sept 1945
Japan & Tokyo Bay
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July 45: while US is completing Manhattan
Project, they attempt to convince Japan to
surrender
Japan seemed willing but on their terms, not ours
Aug 6: B-29 Enola Gay drops a uranium bomb on
Hiroshima
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The bomb instantly kills 80,000 & incinerates 42 square
miles
Aug 9: B-29 Bock’s Car drops a plutonium bomb
on Nagasaki
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It kills 40,000 & destroys city
Terms of Surrender
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Debate over terms of surrender are settled
September 2, 1945 the Japanese Supreme
Council signs the papers on the deck of the
USS Missouri
September 2 is V-J Day
WWII is now over
Japan placed under US control & the
rebuilding process begins
Navajo Code Talkers
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Used throughout Pacific Campaign
Recruited to the Marines
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Navajo language had no alphabet or
written symbols
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Primary duty: transmitting phone & radio
messages
Perfect for code language
Had no words for combat terms