Hermann
Ebbinghaus
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(1850-1909)
Experiments on Memory
First half of 20th century
•Methods based on associationism
•Strength of associations
•Forgetting
Second half of 20th century
•Information processing (based on computer
model)
•Memory systems (iconic, working, long-term
memory)
Basic Memory Processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
(Code and put into
memory)
(Maintain in
memory)
(Recover from
memory)
COMPUTER VS. HUMAN MEMORY
COMPUTER
PERMANENT
X
PERFECT
X
HUMAN
PARTIAL
X
VARIES WITH TIME
X
LOCALIZED
X
UNLIMITED CAPACITY
X
INFLUENCED BY MEANING
X
Chinese Room Problem
Chinese text
Chinese text
Man in room full of
Chinese-English
translation books. Man
knows no Chinese.
Man in room is a fluent
Chinese-English
interpreter
English text
English text
Do both men know Chinese?
Three Types of Memory
• Iconic (Sensory) Memory: 100-300 msec.
• Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec.
• Long Term Memory: > 2 min.
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL OF
MEMORY
Serial Position Curve
Contribution of Rehearsal to Serial
Position Effect
Effect of Rate Presentation
on Serial Position Effect
Manipulating the Recency Effect
Different Levels of Processing in
Working Memory
“Shallow”
Are these words in the same typeface?
“HOUSE-trick”
“Medium”
Do these words rhyme?
“BALL-TALL”
“Deep”
Are these words synonyms?
“CAR-AUTOMOBILE”
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Which is the Real Penny?
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Maintenance Rehearsal
–
–
–
–
sheer repetition
mechanical
no attention to meaning
little effort
Elaborative rehearsal
– focus on meaning
– relations between items
– organization
B K V J
M
YES
NO
S B
B
YES
NO
C K W N T L
T
YES
NO
L D Z
N
YES
NO
9 D 4 8 C 5 B X K
8
6
YES
NO
Parallel Processing
•All items perceived simultaneously.
•Reaction time is not influenced by # of
items.
Serial Processing
•Items perceived successively.
•Reaction time is influenced by # of items.
Serial Processing
Self-terminating search
•Items perceived successively.
•Reaction time on “no” trials should be
twice as long as on “yes” trials.
Serial Processing
Serial exhaustive search
•Items perceived successively.
•Reaction time on “yes” trials should be
same as on “no” trials.
Two Types of Amnesia
HM
A 29 year old motor-winder who had been rendered incapable
of work by his frequent severe seizures. Because of his desperate
condition, Dr. Scoville carried out a radical bilateral medial
temporal-lobe resection on Sept 1, 1953.
He knew that he had had a brain operation, but I think only because
the possibility had been entertained for so many years before the
operation was finally performed. He kept saying, “It is as though I
am just waking up from a dream; it seems as though it has just
happened.”
As far as we can tell this man has retained little if anything
of the events subsequent to operation, although his IQ
rating is actually slightly higher than before. Ten months
before I examined him his family had moved from their old
house to a new one a few blocks away on the same street.
He still has not learned the new address, though
remembering the old one perfectly nor can he be trusted to
find his way home alone. He does not know where objects
constantly in use are kept; for example, his mother still has
to tell him where to find the lawnmower, even though he
may have been using it only the day before. She also
states that he will do the same jigsaw puzzles day after day
without showing any practice effect and that he will read
the same magazines over and over without finding their
contents familiar. [Milner, 1959, p. 49]
Serial Position Effect in
Amnesics
Priming
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Pursuit
Motor Task
Mirror Drawing Task
Patient HM
Severe anterograde amnesia
Normal STM
Normal LTM (for events prior to surgery)
Problem: transfer from STM to LTM
Could not consolidate new
declarative knowledge
Capable of acquiring implicit knowledge
Declarative Memory
Knowing That
Conscious recollection
Episodic (autobiographical knowledge)
Semantic (general knowledge)
Experiments on free recall, recognition
Procedural Memory
Knowing how
Unconscious
Implicit memory
Experiments on priming , conditioning
& skill learning
TYPES OF MEMORY
Sensory
Memory
Short-term
(Secondary,
Working)
Long-term
(Primary)
Declarative
Procedural
(knowing what) (knowing how)
Generic
Episodic
Semantic
Generic non-verbal