LINKERS
CAUSA
BECAUSE = perché
AS, SINCE = poiché, siccome,in quanto,dal
momento che
BECAUSE OF, DUE TO, OWING TO = a causa di
CONSEGUENZA
SO/SUCH………THAT = così……………che
ESEMPI
- Tim was disappointed because he didn’t get a
promotion
- Because he didn’t get a promotion Tim was
disappointed
- As / Since I wasn’t fully qualified for the job,
they didn’t take me on.
- They didn’t take me on as/since I wasn’t fully
qualified for the job.
- We’ll have to cancel the picnic because of the
rain
- The accident was due to a mechanical failure
- Our flight has been cancelled owing to bad
weather
AS A RESULT= di conseguenza
-
Last night it was so hot ( that) I couldn’t sleep.
It was such a moving film that we cried
Two metres of snow fell during the night, and
as a result all main roads were blocked.
AVVERSATIVI
BUT = ma, però
-
STILL ( informale), YET ( formale) = tuttavia, eppure
-
The job was badly paid, but Sarah accepted it
anyway
The job was badly paid, yet Sarah accepted it.
/ Sarah still accepted it.
HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS = comunque, tuttavia
-
WHILE / WHEREAS = mentre
-
-
The job was badly paid.
However/Nevertheless, Sarah accepted it. /
Sarah accepted it however.
While some experts expect the Government to
win the election, most people believe that the
opposition will win.
Most people believe that the opposition will
win the elections, whereas some experts
expect the Government to win.
CONCESSIVI
ALTHOUGH,EVEN THOUGH , THOUGH = benché,
sebbene
-
Sarah accepted the job although it was badly
paid.
THOUGH = però ( informale)
-
DESPITE THE FACT THAT / IN SPITE OF THE FACT
THAT = nonostante
DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF + sostantivo o verbo + ing
=nonostante
-
The job was badly paid. Sarah accepted it,
though.
Despite/ In spite of the fact that she was ill,
Mary went to school.
Despite/ In spite of her illness, Mary went to
school.
Despite / In spite of being ill, Mary went to
school
-
ALTERNATIVE AD IF
UNLESS = se non, a meno che
-
PROVIDED / PROVIDING ( THAT) / ON ( THE)
CONDITION ( THAT) / AS LONG AS = purchè, a patto
che, a condizione che
-
WERE TO + FORMA BASE =were to può sostituire il
past simple dopo if.
-
-
I’ll buy you those earrings if they aren’t /
unless they are too expensive.
You can borrow my car provided you fill up the
tank.
You are welcome to use my PC, as long as you
don’t surf the net.
Even if they offered me that job, I’d turn it
down. / Even if they were to offer me that job
I’d turn it down.
EXERCISES
Complete
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
We went out even __________ the weather was bad.
She was found guilty of fraud. __________ of this, she resigned from the government.
He can dance salsa as __________ as the cha-cha-cha.
__________ __________ born in Madrid, she feels English rather than Spanish.
__________ it's not the best option, it is definitely the cheapest.
You can camp here as __________ as you have permission from the local council.
She left the party early, even __________ she was enjoying herself immensely.
She arrived early ___ _______ she had time for a chamomile tea.
9. _______________________ she is beautiful, everybody hates her.
10. The children slept deeply______________________ the noise.
11. ___________________ earning a low salary, Sara helped her parents
12. Jane rarely sees Alan_________________ they are neighbours.
13. Kate did not do well in the exam__________________ working very hard.
14. _______________________ I was very hungry, I couldn't eat.
15. _____________________ the difficulty, they managed to solve the math problem.
16. Liza never talked to him____________________ she loved him.
17. ____________________ it was cold, Marie didn't put on her coat.
18. Clare did the work____________________ being ill.
19. ____________________ the weather was bad, we had a good time.
20. _____________________ all our hard work, a lot of things went wrong.
21. ______________________ we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
22. I went to hospital_______________________ I was feeling very ill.
23. I went to work the next day_____________________ I was still feeling ill.
24. She accepted the job_____________________ the low salary.
25. She refused the job______________________ the low salary.
26. I managed to sleep_________________________ the hotel was noisy.
27. I could not get to sleep_____________________________ the noise.
28. He runs fast_______________________ his old age.
29. You will be able to get into the cinema __________ you arrive before the film starts.
30. ___________________ the large amount of food at the party, Sivia couldn't find anything he
wanted to eat.
31. In England we have short daylight hours in winter and very long daylight hours in summer
___________________ the days are always the same length in Singapore.
32. _______________________ the large number of mistakes in the question paper, the students were
unable to complete the exam.
33. ____________________you know all the things we studied this week, you should be able to get
one hundred percent in the test.
34. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock____________________ oversleep.
35. I waited for an hour_____________________ I could meet her.
36. Do exercise regularly_____________________ have excellent health and well-being.
37. Make sure your bags are tagged________________________ you can identify them later.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
I left the party ______________I was bored, moreover it was quite late.
Susan is very fat _________very active.
You will enjoy the concert ________ you love music.
He was rowing the boat__________ I slept.
The bridge fell ___________ it was made of stones.
You will pass __________ you work hard.
He will not try ___________ he is forced to.
The old man cared for the puppy __________ she was his baby.
She is a sweet person _________ that you don’t contradict her.
You can’t borrow my camera_______________you are prepared to buy me a new one if you
break it.
Camping is fun _______________ you don’t forget the torch and the can-opener.
Camping is fun _______________ you forget the torch and the can-opener.
48.
49.
50. Don’t use English learning websites ____________ they are free