Anatomy & Physiology
The Human Body: An Orientation
Introduction:
 ________________________________________: the study of structure and shape of the body (and
its parts) and their relationship to each other.
 Physiology: (physio= nature; ology= study of) the study of the
______________________________________of the body and its parts.
 These compliment each other and allow us to study the body’s structures and functions.
Levels of Structural Organization (of Humans):
 ________________________________(building blocks of matter; combine to make molecules)
 ________________________________(smallest unit of life)
 Tissues (groups of similar ______________________________________ performing a common
function)
 Organs (groups of __________________________________________ working together for a specific
function)
 Organ ______________________________________________ (groups of organs working collectively
for a greater good)
 Organism
Organ System Overview:
 Integumentary System: skin; provides __________________________________________,
waterproofing, and cushioning; excretes ___________________________________; regulates
_________________________________________________; contains temperature, pain & pressure
receptors.
 ______________________________________________ System: bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints.
Provides ______________________________________________ and supports body; with muscles,
allows movement; protects organs; forms __________________________________________ cells;
stores ___________________________________________
 Muscular System: Muscles. ________________________________________ and transport substances
throughout the body
 ___________________________________System: ___________________________, spinal cord,
nerves, & receptors. Respond to stimuli and activate __________________________ or glands.
 Endocrine System: Glands (______________________________________, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenals, ___________________________________, thymus, ovaries, testes, & pineal) and
hormones. Regulate bodily functions such as __________________________________________,
_______________________________________, and reproduction.
 Cardiovascular System: ____________________________________ &
________________________________________ vessels. Transports fluid, oxygen, and waste
throughout the body.
 Lymphatic System: _________________________ Nodes, Lymph Vessels,
________________________________________, Thymus, Appendix, &
______________________________________. Clean blood of impurities; help with immunity.
 ____________________________________________ System: Nasal passages  pharynx  larynx
 trachea  bronchi  lungs. Functions in ___________________________ exchange.
 Digestive System: Mouth  esophagus  _________________________________  small then
large intestine  rectum; accessory organs include ___________________________________,
gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions in breaking down food into nutrients for the absorption into the
blood.
 Urinary System: ______________________________________, ureters, bladder, & urethra. Functions
in filtering nitrogenous waste from the blood (creates ____________________________________),
maintains body’s ______________________________________ and salt balance, regulates body’s
blood pressure, and acid-base balance.
 ___________________________________________ System: Function is to produce offspring. Male
includes testis, penis, and duct system; female includes ovaries, uterus, and duct system.
Maintaining Life:
There are 8 characteristics that maintain, or enable, life.
 Maintaining ________________________________________________: separation of life from
outside environment (from a cell membrane to skin)
 _____________________________________: internal & external
 Responsiveness: _____________________________ the environment and
______________________________________________ to it accordingly
 _______________________________________: break down food
 Metabolism: all chemical reactions within the body:
_____________________________________________(break down) and
_____________________________________________ (build up)
 Excretion: removal of ___________________________________________________
 __________________________________________: produce more like self (this can occur on the
cellular level for growth, maintenance, and repair)
 Growth: increase in _________________________________________
Survival Needs:
There are 5 survival needs, or requirements for life:
 ________________________________________: food
 Oxygen: needed to break down ___________________________________ (releases energy from
food)
 Water: transports, regulates, & needed for chemical reactions (most abundant
_________________________________________ in our bodies)
 Normal Body _____________________________________________: determines rate of reactions
 Atmospheric _________________________________________________: force exerted on body by
weight of air (enables gas exchange)
Homeostasis:
 Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable
_________________________________________environment (temp., bp).
 Homeo = _______________________________; stasis = stand still
 There are 2 types of control: Negative & Positive Feedback Mechanisms.
The Language of Anatomy:
 Superior: _______________________________, or toward the head
(_________________________________)
 Inferior: below, or ______________________________ from the head (caudal)
 ________________________________________: front of the body (anterior)
 Dorsal: backside (behind) of the body (________________________________________)
 Medial: _________________________________________________
 ________________________________________: outer side of body
 Proximal: close to the origin point of attachment to a limb
 Distal: farther from the point of attachment to a limb
 Superficial: ___________________________________________
Body Planes & Sections:
 Sagittal Section: cutting the body lengthwise
 _________________________________________ (midsagittal) Section: sagittal section that is equal
 Frontal Section: cutting the body into anterior and posterior parts.
 Transverse Section: (a.k.a. ______________________________________________section) cutting the
body into superior & inferior sections
Body Cavities:
 Dorsal Cavity:
◦
_____________________________________________ Cavity: skull & brain
◦
Spinal Cavity: spinal cord & backbone (_______________________________________)
 ___________________________________________ Cavity:
◦
Thoracic Cavity: upper part of trunk
◦
Abdominopelvic Cavity: _________________________________________________ trunk
 The ventral cavity is separated by the diaphragm (thin
________________________________________).
Ventral Cavity:
Thoracic Cavity:
 The _____________________________________________________separates the left & right sides
(separates the lungs).
 The ______________________________________: lungs, heart, espohagus, trachea, & thymus gland
(all except lungs are w/in mediastinum).
Abdominopelvic Cavity:
 This is from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor.
Contains 2 cavities:
 Abdominal Cavity (below diaphragm): viscera: __________________________________, liver, spleen,
kidneys, gall bladder, and small & large intestines (majority)
 __________________________________________ Cavity (above diaphragm): viscera: large intestines
(lower end), bladder, & reproductive organs
Other Body Cavities:
 ________________________________________ & Digestive Cavities: teeth & tongue
 Nasal Cavity: ________________________________, nasal septum & sinuses (frontal & sphenoidal)
 _______________________________________________Cavities: eyes, eye muscles, & nerves
 Middle _______________________________________ Cavities: middle ear bones