Educational Planning Model
At the end of the session, student is able to:
 Explain steps in EP
 Explain factors associated with acceptance
and dissemination of innovation, and
 Develop an educational program.
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Educational Planning Model
 Many models, eg. Caffarella (2002),
 Steps in Educational Planning :
1. Defining the Educational Problem
2. Analyzing the Problem
3. Conceptualizing & Designing Plans
4. Evaluating Plans
5. Specifying the Plan
6. Implementing the Plan
7. Feedback of the Plan
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1. Defining Educational Problem
a. Delineating the scope of the educational problem:
identifying the problem; when an event/ activity is derailed or deviates from the vision or the original plan
b. Studying “What has been”
c. Determining “What is versus what should be”
d. Resources and constraints: organizational and
individual
e. Establishing educational planning parts and priorities:
use systems design and approach to study parts,
theirs strengths and weaknesses
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2. Analyzing the Problem
a. Study the identified problem in detail:
conceptualization and literature to support
b. Gathering data: obtain empirical evidence of hard
and soft data, demographic, socio-economic data
c. Analysis and Tabulation of data
d. Forecasting: cohort analysis based on the age of the
population
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3. Conceptualizing &
Designing Plans
a. Identifying the prevailing trends:
i. Human trends; society, community, norms,
economic activities
ii. Environnemental trends, changes in human trends
b. Establishing goals and objectives
c. Designing plans: more than one plan
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4. Evaluating Plans
a. Planning through simulation: mathematical and logic
simulation
b. Evaluating plans: Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, Threats (SWOT)
c. Selecting a plan according to priority: use
contingency plans
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5. Specifying the Plan
a. Implementation of the blue print
b. Systems support: approval, legal justification
c. Organization
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6. Implementing the Plan
a. Program preparation: dissemination
b. Organizing operational units
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7. Feedback of the Plan
a. Monitoring the plan
b. Evaluating the plan
c. Adjusting, altering, redesigning the plan
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Factors associated with Acceptance
and Dissemination of Innovation
Rogers (2003);
1. Characteristics & attributes of innovation
2. Types of innovative decisions
3. Communication channel
4. Characteristics of social system
5. The role of change agent
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1. Attributes of Innovation
a. Relative advantage: especially in personal terms
b. Adaptability: comfortable to recipients; knowledge,
skills, norms, culture, needs
c. Complexity: additional knowledge, skills required
d. Easy to experiment: pilot study and prior exposure
e. Easy to observe: hard evidences
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2. Types of Decisions
a. Alternative decisions: by individuals, self-awareness,
high sustainability
b. Group decision: by organizational members,
awareness, high sustainability
c. Authority decision: directive, low sustainability
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3. Communication Channel
a. Hard channels: pamphlets, books,
documents, news paper
b. Soft channels: electronic media, TV, radio,
internet
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4. Characteristics of Social System
 Traditional society:
a. Relationship between members is personal based on
soft behavior: respect and polite
b. Little exposure to and less communication with
external development
c. Little orientation to accept change and out-dated
technology
d. Less able to change their role or understand others
especially outsiders who brought changes.
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4. Characteristics of Social System
 Modern society:
a. Relationship between members is based on
rationale, not influenced by emotions
b. Wider exposure to external development and easier
to accept new changes
c. Positive attitude towards change and new technology
d. Able to change roles and adapt to new roles with little
difficulty
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5. The Role of Change Agent
a. Initiate the needs and enthusiasm for change
b. Initiate awareness and explain the change’s objectives
c. Diagnose customer’s needs and problems
d. Establish and strengthen relationship between
recipients and planners of innovation
e. Organize and implement change’s activities
f. Stabilize, sustain and maintain change
g. Develop a termination plan to terminate her/his role as
a change agent
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Program Preparation
a. Statement of objectives
b. Statement of scope of work
c. List of specifications
d. List of stakeholder valuations
e. Logic diagram for key stages
f. Work breakdown structure for the key stages
g. Milestone schedule
h. Success factors their methods of measurement
i. Bar chart for the key stages
j. Linear responsibility chart for the key stages
k. Approved budget statement
l. Operating budget statement
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