GRAMMAR
is
your friend!
Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions,
And
Related Sentence Structure
&
Punctuation
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PLEASE REFER
TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX
TO REVIEW
ALL
CONCEPTS & TERMS
In this lesson!
Phrase
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A group of words
with
no
self-contained,
independent
meaning.
Types of
phrases
(and clauses)
• Modifying (describing)
• Prepositional (spatial or time)
• Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund)
• PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW
THE ABOVE CONCEPTS & TERMS!
Clauses
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Every clause
has
at least
a
subject
and
verb.
Sentence
• A sentence is a complete thought.
• It consists of a subject and predicate.
• The predicate is the verb and everything
that follows it.
• A sentence is also an independent clause.
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How can a dependent clause
have a subject and verb
yet
not
• express a complete thought?
Two Types of Clauses
• Independent Clauses can stand alone as
complete thoughts.
• Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone,
and they depend on another word group
• In the sentence (an independent clause)
• to complete meaning.
Subordinators
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Two groups of words
CREATE
dependence or subordination:
Subordinating Conjunctions
and
Relative Pronouns.
These two groups of words create
DEPENDENT CLAUSES!
Examples
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Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they
express:
Time: when, since
Reason: because, since, as
Result: that, so that
Condition: if, unless
Contrast: although, whereas
Location: where, wherever
Choice: whether, than
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and relative pronouns)
CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES!
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See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATORS!
“BISAWAWE”
is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions
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Because
If
So that
After
When
Although
While
Even though
More subordinators
• Another group of words that create
dependent or subordinating clauses is
called
• RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
• EXAMPLES:
• Who, which, that, whom, whoever
Examples
• If the bond issue passes, the city will install
new sewers.
• In the above sentence, the underlined clause is
dependent or subordinate.
• The bold clause is the independent clause
which could stand alone:
• The city will install new sewers.
Coordinating Conjunctions
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Coordinating Conjunctions
connect
“equal” or
independent clauses
with a comma preceding
the conjunction.
Coordinating Conjunctions
“FANBOYS”
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For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Examples of
Coordinating Conjunctions
Connecting Independent Clauses
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The sky turned gray, and it rained.
Two independent Clauses:
The sky turned gray.
It rained.
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I left early, yet I was late for class.
Two independent Clauses:
I left early.
I was late for class.
TRANSITIONS
• Most transition words or phrases
• Are
• CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.
Conjunctive Adverbs
(Several are also known as transition-words)
and the Relationships They Express
• Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides
• Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely,
nevertheless, instead, otherwise
• Comparison: similarly, likewise
• Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
• Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently,
indeed, certainly
THE PATTERN:
Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause
NOTE
THE PATTERN!
• Independent Clause
• Semicolon (;)
• Conjunctive Adverb
• Comma (,)
• Independent Clause.
Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause
• Examples—
• I am overweight; therefore, I should
exercise more.
• I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to
swim often.
• ANOTHER
RULE
FOLLOWS!
A comma follows
an introductory phrase or clause.
• EXAMPLES
• When I arrive, please be ready!
• Without a doubt, the idea is great!
COMMA SPLICE
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An error that occurs when
a comma (ONLY)
is between
TWO
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES!
To correct comma splices
• Keep comma and add coordinating
conjunction (FANBOY);
• Change comma to period
• AND
• Capitalize the following word;
• OR
• Change comma to semicolon.
Reminder
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Remember to document your
Study Journal
to show what you
have studied!
In Closing
For better understanding-• PLEASE REFER TO
• YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW
• THE CONCEPTS & TERMS
• in
• this lesson!
For more study
•
Clauses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm
Independent clauses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clause
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_clause.html
http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/independent.html
Dependent Clauses
http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/dependent.html
http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaDependant_Clauses_and_Phrases.htm
Comma Splices
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_splice
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.html
http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Pages/SentComSplice.html
http://www.grammartips.homestead.com/splice.html
Fragments
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.html
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_frag.html
Semicolons & Colons
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/colons.htm
http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~olson/pms/semicolon.html
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/semicolon.html
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_commacomp.html
Run-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz
http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/tests/run_frag.html
Thanks for your attention!
RebekahMattox@hotmail.com