Indoor Air Quality
Presented by:
Mark Wilson
Summit Project Management
IAQ Regulatory Recap
• EPA - Promulgating regulations and
recommendations
• OSHA - Federal and State OSHA requirements
• NIOSH – Personal Protective Equipment
• ADA – Bio Chemically Handicapped
• STATE – Title 24 (California)
• IGRA – Compliance for Public Health & Safety /
OSHA
• NIGC - Ensures Regulatory Compliance to above
Codes and Standards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IBC/IMC International Building Code – International Mechanical Code
State Laws, Codes and Standards
BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators
State Codes Adopted or Amended from ICC / UBC
IMC/UBC International Mechanical Code / Uniform Mechanical Code
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association
IAQ Recognized Standards
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality
• ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 Method of Testing General
Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by
Particle Size
• ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda 62t and 62w, Addenda to
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• EPA document # 402-F-91-102 Building Air Quality
• SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under
Construction
• Tribal Lands should consider adopting
codes and standards to improve IAQ.
– Referenced Standards in ICC framework,
International Mechanical Code
– CFR Requirements for Federal Compliance
• CFR 559.5 – Licensing Requirements for Gaming
Facilities
– State and Local Codes and Standards may
required compliance due to Compact
requirements
Prevention Strategies
• The best strategy to avoid most all forms
of building contaminates are a result of
proper design, construction and
maintenance of the facility.
• Without emphasis on design and
construction, containment and
maintenance efforts are more difficult to
undertake and achieve similar results
Causes of Contamination
• More commonly cited sources:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dust & Mold
CO2
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)
Stuffy, Stale, Moisture or excessively Dry Air
Tobacco Smoke
Exhaust from combustion (internal and external)
Radon, Sewer Gas, Methane
Biological contaminates
Pesticides
End Result – Poor IAQ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
Building Related Illness (BRI)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)
Loss of Productivity for employees
Increased health care costs
Loss of income from patrons
Increased Maintenance Costs
Avoiding Poor Filtration & Airflow
• Contract Document Language
• IAQ Design Standard
• IAQ Requirements incorporated into
Specifications
• Clarification of Scope to assure who will
conduct IAQ Plans and requirements
Contract Documents
• Owner’s Representative/ Program Manager
Agreement
• Architects Agreement
• CM/ General Contractor Agreement
• General Conditions
• Specifications
• Drawings, Addenda, RFI, Change Orders
CSI MasterFormat®
• Construction Specification Institute’s
MasterFormat is the most widely
recognized and implemented specification
standard in use today.
• CSI Specifications should be amended to
incorporate project specific goals and
standards to achieve optimal IAQ.
Facility Construction Subgroup
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Division 07 — Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08 — Openings
Division 09 — Finishes
Division 10 — Specialties
Division 11 — Equipment
Division 12 — Furnishings
Division 23 — Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Division 44 — Pollution Control Equipment
Drawings
• The architect will either be responsible for the entire
design which will result in drawings, or outline specific
elements as Design Build, Design Assist or as a Design
Specification.
• Specific details or requirements in the specifications for
windows, doors, penetrations, openings, shaft
enclosures, shall be detailed or specified in accordance
with codes, standards or best practices for IAQ.
• Plan check review should have an IAQ emphasis from a
qualified professional with IAQ experience.
CM/GC Agreements
• Contract language that details responsibilities for
the CM/GC as included services will need to be
incorporated.
• Specific Codes and Standards for construction
incorporated into contract language.
• Specifications, and associated drawings,
addenda etc. should be referenced in contract
for clarity.
Division 01 — General Requirements
• General Requirements for cleanup
• Coordination of Commissioning and IAQ Plan
implementation
• Requirements for the enclosure of building
envelope during construction to prevent
moisture contamination / mold prevention
• Construction Sequencing and Monitoring
IAQ Design Goals
• Provide thermal comfort
• Distribute adequate amounts of outdoor air
to meet ventilation needs of all building
occupants
• Isolate and remove odors and
contaminants through pressure control,
filtration, and exhaust fans and specialized
equipment
8 Key Design Strategies to improve IAQ
•
•
•
•
•
•
Manage the process to achieve good IAQ
Control moisture in building assemblies
Limit entry of outdoor contaminants
Control moisture & contaminants in mechanical systems
Limit contaminants from indoor sources
Contain and exhaust contaminants from equipment &
activities
• Reduce concentrations through ventilation and air cleaning
• Apply more advanced ventilation approaches
Design Considerations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High Standards in design for IAQ
Integrated Design Team Approach
Facility placement on site
Intake and exhaust grille placement
Zone configuration to prevent cross contamination
Integrated Design Approach
Interiors Selection to minimize VOC’s
Design Team Coordination
• Integrated Design should be employed to
capture all trades input.
• Architect, Owner’s Representation or PreConstruction Management should
coordinate all IAQ efforts among Design
Team.
• Best Practices from ASHRAE Advanced
Energy Design Guide(s)
Construction IAQ Plan
• Construction IAQ Management Plan SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied
Buildings Under Construction, Ch 3
(2007).
• ASHRAE 52.2-2007: Method of Testing
General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices
for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size.
Pre-Occupancy IAQ Plan
• Construction IAQ Management Plan Review
• After construction ends and prior to occupancy conduct a minimum
two-week building flush-out with new Minimum Efficiency Reporting
Value (MERV) 13 filtration media at 100% outside air. After the flush
out, replace the filtration media with new MERV 13 filtration media,
except the filters solely processing outside air.
-OR• Conduct a baseline indoor air quality testing procedure consistent
with the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s current
Protocol for Environmental Requirements, Baseline IAQ and
Materials, for the Research Triangle Park Campus, Section 01445.
Heating & Cooling Equipment
Making up the most important functional
element of design are the HVAC functional
components that will be implemented to
heat and cool the building. The selection
of the right system for the application is
critical in ensuring appropriate IAQ.
HVAC System Types
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems
Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)
Displacement Ventilation Systems
Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems
Package Rooftop Systems
Ductless Split System
Evaporative Cooling System
Chilled Water Plants
Baseboard Heating System
Hydronic Ceiling Panel System
Unit Ventilator System
VAV Reheat System
Under floor Systems (UFAD)
Evaporatively Precooled Condenser
Dedicated Outside Air Systems
Example Supplemental Equipment Strategies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electrostatic Air Cleaners
Humidification / Dehumidification
Radiant Heating Systems
ERV – Energy Recovery Wheels
Air-to-Air, Fixed-Plate Heat Exchanger Features
Desiccant Dehumidification
HEPA Filtration
Monitoring
Monitoring Equipment
• Of utmost importance is the integration of monitoring
equipment into the building management system for not only
temperature but for humidity, CO2 and VOC’s. With properly
placed sensors and integration, HVAC system performance
and efficiency can be monitored for not only compliance to
standards but to improve energy efficiency, comfort and
improve maintenance monitoring.
• In addition, this equipment can help set a baseline and provide
historical trend analysis tools to help monitor system
performance
• Lastly, monitoring equipment can help isolate and troubleshoot
areas of concern.
HVAC Commissioning Plan
•
•
•
•
•
Commissioning plan development.
Documentation of design intent.
Design review.
Submittals review.
Inspections and system functional performance
testing.
• Enhanced operating and maintenance documentation,
including hands-on training of the staff
• Operating and maintaining the equipment.
• Post-occupancy testing and operation evaluation.
Combustion Air Openings
•
•
•
•
International Mechanical Code
Sized in accordance with code
Installed in accordance with code
Combustion Air Systems
– Utilized to help improve IAQ
– Improved rodent control
– Confined or Unconfined Spaces requirements
Intake & Exhaust Design Considerations
Source HS3: ASHRAE 62 Guidelines
Chimney Connector Pass throughs
• Installed in accordance with IBC or adopted, Chapter 8 Chimneys &
Vents and Appendix A
• Installed in accordance with IMC and NFPA 211
• Properly detailed in Construction Documents
• Rated Assemblies and penetrations need to meet of exceed
building, fire and mechanical codes
• Uniformity and guidance found in NFPA 97
• Chimney Connector Heat Reclaimers
• Gas Vent Connectors
• Direct Vent
• Fuel Fired Appliances
IAQ and Chimney Connectors
• Properly installed to exhaust harmful
gasses to the atmosphere to prevent
buildup of harmful gasses
• What You Should Know About
Combustion Appliances and Indoor Air
Pollution – EPA Clean Indoor Air
Design Concerns
• Stack Effect
• Back Drafting
• Monitoring Systems