The student will evaluate key political, social,
and economic changes that occurred in
Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
b. Analyze how rights were denied to AfricanAmericans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v.
Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial
violence.
c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W.
E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,
and Alonzo Herndon.
Social and Political Changes
in Georgia
Jim Crow Laws- 1889
• A set of state laws allowing
for public places to be
legally segregated.
• Examples included
restaurants, trains, drinking
fountains, bathrooms,
schools and hospitals.
• Segregation had been a
social practice but was now
legal under state laws.
Inequality
• Jim Crow laws were used
to keep blacks from
gaining the same
opportunities as whites.
• Most facilities while
separate, were not equal.
Homer Plessy
Plessy vs. Ferguson- 1895
• Jim Crow laws made
segregation legal.
• African-Americans took
their complaint to the
U.S. Supreme Court.
• The Court ruled that
“separate but equal”
was not unconstitutional
as long as facilities
were available for all
Americans.
• The East Louisiana Railroad Conductor who punched Homer Plessy's ticket
asked if he was "white or colored." Plessy responded that he was "colored,"
but refused to move to the car designated for African-American travelers.
Plessy was a member of the New Orleans' Citizens' Committee that
organized challenges to segregation laws, and deliberately violated
Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890 in order to force a legal confrontation
over laws that abrogated the principles of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
The Separate Car Act required railroad companies traveling within the state
of Louisiana to provide separate travel accommodations for whites and
African-Americans, preventing the races from co-mingling.
Home Plessy had a single African-American grandparent, and looked white.
He would not have been challenged as "colored" but for the Citizen's
Committee pre-arranging his arrest with the East Louisiana Railroad Co. The
railroad companies also wanted to overturn the law because they believed it
was bad for business so the company agreed to help stage a confrontation.
When the conductor walked through the "whites-only" car, he stopped to
examine Plessy's first-class ticket, and asked whether the man was black or
white. Plessy replied that he was black, but refused to remove himself to the
African-American car. The Citizens' Committee had hired a private detective
to ensure Plessy was detained; the detective took Plessy to the New
Orleans' Parish jail.
Disfranchisement
• Means depriving a person
of their citizenship.
• In 1900 nearly 50% of all
Georgians were black yet
laws made it difficult for
them to vote.
• White political control led to
violence against blacks if
they tried to exercise their
right to vote.
Examples of Disfranchisement
• Poll taxes were required to
vote.
• Literacy tests were given to
prove a voter was worthy.
• A “Grandfather clause” was
passed stating that you
could only vote if your
grandfather was eligible to
vote prior to 1866.
• The White Primary laws
only allowed whites to vote
in the important primaries.
Assignment
Disfranchisement
• Give three examples, what they were and why they
were used.
1. Poll Tax:
What:
Why:
2. Literacy Test:
What:
Why:
3. Grandfather Clause:
What:
Why:
Booker T. Washington
• Born a slave but became an
early leader for racial equality.
• Began theTuskegee Institute in
Alabama.
• He delivered a speech
promoting racial cooperation at
the 1895 International Cotton
Exposition that brought him
national attention.
Washington’s Ideas
• Believed African-Americans needed to work their way
up the social ladder.
• He wanted blacks to focus on education and economic
strength to gain respect and the right to demand
equality.
• He promoted vocational schools for blacks to learn
basic skills for factory work.
• He feared immigrants would replace black labor
if they did not work within the system.
W.E.B.Dubois
• Writer and early leader for
African-American rights.
• Believed blacks deserved
equal political, social, and
economic rights.
• Founding member of the
NAACP.
• Strongly disagreed with
Booker T. Washington on
how African-Americans
should gain equal rights.
Differences
• DuBois wrote that Washington
asked blacks to settle for
slower change and lower
expectations instead of
pushing for the highest
education and immediate equal
rights.
NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People.
• In 1906, W.E.B. DuBois and others organized
the NAACP to challenge racial inequalities.
Changes in Georgia Terms Quiz
Jim Crow Laws Lynching NAACP disfranchisement
White Primary Grandfather Clause prejudice
19th Amendment discrimination Poll Tax
1. Being required to pay a fee before you could vote.
2. Murder by the hands of a mob, often by hanging.
3. An organization formed to fight discrimination.
4. To take away a person’s right to vote.
5. Unfair treatment or actions towards a person or group.
6. Hostility towards a person or group for no good reason.
7. Disallowing blacks to vote in elections that determined
political candidates for the general election.
8. A set of rules meant to legally segregate blacks and whites.
9. A law that determined that you could only vote if your
ancestors had voted before 1867.
10. A law giving women the right to vote.
Alonzo Herndon
• Learned to be a barber growing up as a slave.
• He opened his own very successful barbershop in
Atlanta after the Civil War called the Crystal Palace.
• Herndon could not publically get his own hair cut at his
barbershop.
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company
• Herndon bought a small
insurance company for
$170 in 1905 and hired
black college graduates to
run his business.
• Today it is worth over
$100 million.
John and Lugenia Burns Hope
• Lugenia: Social worker who
worked to improve poor AfricanAmerican neighborhoods.
• John: African American educator.
• A supporter of W.E.B DuBois and
the NAACP.
• President of Morehouse College
in Atlanta.
Things to know for your test
1. KNOW YOUR TERMS!!!!!!!!!!
2. Know the differences between Booker T Washington
and W.E.B.DuBois and why they were different!!!
(hint, hint, hint)
3. Understand what Jim Crow laws were and why they
were passed.
4. Review and know the Supreme Court decision on
the Plessy vs Ferguson case.
5. Review what disfranchisement was and know
examples.
6. Know who Alonzo Herndon was and the businesses
he owned.
7. Know John and Lugenia Burns Hope and what they
supported.
19th Amendment
(no notes)
• Women were being denied the right to
vote.
• The 19th Amendment gave women that
right when it was passed by the majority of
states in 1920.
• Georgia was one of only 5 states not to
pass the amendment.