Competency 1: Inquiry
Biology as a science
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Observations
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
Qualitative Observations
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Adjective which describes a quality
Color (Red, blue)
Texture (Smooth, rough)
Shape (Round, square)
Speed (Fast, slow)
Size (Large, small)
Distance (Near, far)
Temperature (Hot, cold)
Quantitative Observations
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Numerical measurements which describe:
Color (700 nM)
Texture (50 grit sandpaper)
Shape (25 cm diameter circle)
Speed ( 75 m.p.h.)
Size (150 m)
Distance (130 miles)
Temperature (37.5 C)
Characteristics of Living Things
All Living things
• Made up of cells
• Reproduce
• Contain D.N.A.
• Grow & Develop
• Obtain & use materials
and energy
• Respond to their
environment
• Maintain homeostasis
Levels of organization
• Molecular – Atoms & molecules
• Cellular – Smallest functional unit of life
• Tissue – Group of cells working together to perform the
same fxn
• Organ – Group of tissues working togeter to perform the
same fxn
• Organ system – Group of organs working together to
perform the same fxn
• Organism – Group of organ systems maintaining homeostasis
• Population – Group (of a single species) living in the same
area
• Community – Populations living together
• Ecosystem – Community including abiotic factors
• Biosphere – Contains all ecosystems
Safety and
Rules of
the Lab
Safety Symbols
• Know safety symbols
• They appear in your
laboratory activities
• They will alert you
to possible dangers
• They will remind you
to work carefully
Use Your Head
• Exercise Caution and
Good Judgment
• Follow all instructions
given by the teacher
• Notify the teacher
immediately regarding
any accident or unsafe
areas
Use Your Head
• Read lab instructions ahead of time
• Always follow lab procedures exactly
• Never do an unauthorized experiment
Protect Yourself
Eye Safety
• Wear safety goggles when
working with chemicals, flames,
or heating devices
• or if possibility of flying debris
• If you wear contact
lenses let your
teacher know
Protect Yourself
Eye Safety
• In
caseinofwater
emergency
Flush
for 15
in
which
chemical
mins.
andanotify
the
goes
into one’s eye,
teacher
use the eyewash
station
Protect Yourself
Proper Attire
• Keep all long hair
tied back
• Do not wear loose
clothing that could
catch on fire
• Foot wear that
completely covers the
foot is required
Protect Yourself
Hand Safety
• If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the
teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes
• Wash hands after every lab
• Handle
glassware,
sharp tools
and heated
containers
carefully
Protect Yourself
Hand Safety
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Sharp Objects
• Always cut away from fingers
and body
• Always carry sharp objects
with points and tips facing
down and away
• Never try to catch falling
sharp instruments
• Grasp sharp instruments
only by the handles
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Sharp Objects
• Notify teacher if you get cut
• Broken glass and sharp objects
do not go in trash cans
• Teacher will clean up
broken glass
Electrical Safety
• Only electrical plugs
are to be placed into
an electrical outlet
• Unplug electrical
equipment after use
• Keep all electrical
cords, wires, and
appliances
away from
water
Physical Safety
• Handle all equipment carefully
• Do not place a cord where
someone can trip over it
• Push all stools in out of the
way
• Keep books picked up out
of walking isles
Heating Safety
• Tie back hair and loose
clothes when working
with open flames
• Never look into a
container as you
are heating it
• Never point the end of
a test tube being heated
at yourself or others
• Never heat in a closed container
Heating Safety
• Never leave a heat source unattended
• Heated metal and glass looks
cool, use tongs or gloves
before handling
• Do not place hot glassware
directly on lab desk or in
cold water
Chemical Safety
• Read all labels twice before removing
a chemical from the container
• Only use the type and
amount of chemical
instructed to use
• Never touch, taste, or
smell a chemical unless
instructed by the teacher
• Never mix chemicals
unless instructed to do so
Chemical Safety
• Transfer chemicals carefully!
• Keep lids on chemical
containers when not in use
• When diluting an acid, pour the
acid into water
• Consider all chemicals
dangerous
Animal Safety
• Only handle living organisms with
teacher permission
• Always treat living
organisms humanely
• Wash your hands
after handling
animals
Treatment of Specimen
• Respect the life of all
laboratory specimen
• They gave their life for
your education
Plant Safety
• Do not eat any plants in lab
• Wash your hands after
handling plants
• Tell your teacher of any
plant allergies
• Like any
organism, plants
should be
considered
possibly harmful
You Should Never…
• Enter store room
unless given
permission
• Take any chemicals
from lab or store room
• Touch any equipment,
chemicals, or other
materials until
instructed to do so
You Should Never…
• Eat or drink in the lab
• Use lab glass-ware to
eat or drink out of
You Should Never…
• Engage in….
– practical jokes
– horse play
– rough house
In case of an emergency…
• Know the locations of:
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fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash
station
– first aid kit
• If you spill a harmful
chemical on yourself or in
your eyes, start rinsing
immediately and send your
partner to get teacher’s help
Remember to…
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Stay at your work station
Maintain a clean work area
Read and follow all directions
Report any spills, accidents,
or injury to the teacher
immediately
• Clean and put away all equipment
at the end of the
lab period
• Dispose of waste products
according to instruction
Example Graphs
Practice Graphs
• Recall that a bar graph is useful for
comparing information collected by
counting. We are going to use the clothing
of students in this classroom to demonstrate
how to make a data table and bar graph.
We will look at the shirt color of boys and
girls in the room.
Practice Graphs
• Step 1: Gather Data
• An easy way to organize
our data is to create a
table. Let’s use this table
to fill in our data.
Color
Red
Black
Grey
Blue
White
Multi
Other
# of Boys
# of Girls
Practice Graphs
• Step 2: Create the Graph
Independent variable (x-axis): ________
Dependent variable (y-axis): __________
• Choose two different colors to use (one to
represent boys, one to represent girls).
Key Features of Bar Graphs
1. Title
2. Axis are labeled with units
3. Legend
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Check your graph to make sure you have these three features
Line Graphs
• Recall that line graphs are useful for showing
trends.
• Problem:
• In an experiment, you check the air temperature at
certain hours of the day. At 8 A.M., the
temperature is 27 ○C; at 10 A.M., the temperature
is 30 ○C; at noon, the temperature is 32 ○C; at 2
P.M., the temperature is 31○C; and at 4 P.M., the
temperature is 30 ○C. Graph the results of your
experiment.
Compound Microscope Parts & Fxn’s
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Occular – viewing eyepiece
Coarse adjustment – Rough focus
Fine adjustment – Fine focus
High power objective (400X)
Low objective (100X)
Scanning objective (40X)
Stage – holds slide up against stage clips
Stage clips – holds slide down on stage
Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide
Lamp – light source
Power of magnification
• The relative enlargement of the specimen
when seen through the microscope. The
power of magnification can be calculated by
multiplying the power of the eye piece lens
by the power of the objective lens.
Inversion
• The reversal of the specimen image by the
microscope lenses. A specimen that appears
upside down when being viewed is actually
right-side up on the slide. Moving the
specimen to the right causes its image to
move to the left likewise, moving it down
causes it to move upward.
Working distance
• The distance between the front of the
objective and the top of the cover glass on
the slide. The higher the magnification the
smaller the working distance.
• DO NOT USE THE COARSE
ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!
Resolution (Resolving Power)
• The least distance between two points or
lines at which they are seen as two, rather
than a single blur. The greater the numerical
aperture the greater the resolution.
Depth of focus
• The thickness of a specimen which may be
seen in focus at one time. The greater the
power of magnification the lesser the depth
of focus.
Field of vision
• The surface area which can be seen when
looking through the light microscope. The
area decreases with increasing power of
magnification.
Objectives
• Our microscopes have three objectives
mounted on a revolving device known as a
nosepiece. Engraved on the objective is its
power of magnification. The longer the
objective the more power of magnification.
Diaphragm
• A device under the stage of a microscope
that can regulate the amount of light
reaching a specimen. The more power of
magnification the more the diaphragm is
opened.
Power of Magnification
• Definition - The relative enlargement of the
specimen when seen through the microscope.
• Calculation - The power of magnification can be
calculated by multiplying the power of the eye
piece lens by the power of the objective lens.
• Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece
lens) X (Power of the objective lens)
Parfocal
• Once the specimen is focused on low
power, you never have to use the course
adjustment knob to focus on the next higher
power.
Oil Immersion Lens
• For maximum magnification such as
looking at bacteria or white blood cells. It
can not be used without a drop of special oil
placed between the slide and the objective.
Rules for Handling the
Microscope
• Always carry the microscope with one hand under the
base and the other grasping the arm.
• Keep both eyes open when looking through the
eyepiece.
• Keep the stage clean and dry.
• Do not remove parts of the microscope.
• Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses.
• Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective.
• Always look from the side when changes lenses
• After completing your work, place the microscope on
the lowest power objective.
• Always return the microscope where you found it & as
you found it
Preparing a wet-mount slide
This is an air bubble
under the microscope!!!
Tools Used in LAB
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
a. test tube
b. Cork and Rubber stopper
c. test tube holder
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
d. Test tube rack
holds test tube
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
e. Beaker
Holds and measures
liquid
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
f. Graduated cylinders
accurately measure
out volumes of liquids
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
g. Erlenmeyer flasks
allows the contents to be swirled or
stirred during an experiment
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
h. Funnel
transfers liquid from
one container to another
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
i. Stirring rod
stir liquids in flasks or
beakers
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
j. Meter stick
Measures length
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
k. Triple beam balance
measures mass
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
l. Thermometer
measures
temperature
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
m. Alcohol lamp
source of heat
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
n. Tripod
a stand or
support
with three legs
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
o. Wire gauze
support a
container during
heating
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
p. Magnifying glass
magnifies small
objects
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
q. Microscope
makes an enlarged
image of a very
small object
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
r. Glass slide
Provides a mounting surface for
examination by microscope
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
s. Cover slip
covers materials on a glass slide
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
t. Petri dish
shallow dish for
bacterial culture
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
v. Dissecting Kit
Dissecting Kit
1. Scalpel
cuts and
dissects
specimen
Dissecting Kit
2. Forceps
grasp small objects
Dissecting Kit
3. Probe
pointed object
used to examine
specimen
Dissecting Kit
4. dissecting scissors
cut specimen to be studied