Energy Statistics In this class I repeatedly cite energy facts and energy statistics By "energy fact" I mean scientific data E.G., the heat energy liberated per gram of carbon burned, which should change only if refined data are generated By "energy statistics" I mean things like annual U.S. energy consumption Which is constantly changing, and will have to be updated in these notes every year This "note set" is my attempt to manage such updates by recording in one place: - Statistics I currently use, their values, and their sources, - The lecture(s) in which they are cited An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm U.S. Electrical Power Production - Summary EIA 1990 EIA 2011 EIA 2012 EIA 2014 WP 2015 Coal 53% 42% 46% 39% 34% 35% Natural Gas 13% 25% 20% 27% 20% 30% 1% 1% 21% 19% 20% 17% Petroleum Nuclear 19% 19% Hydro 7% Wind 4.4% 5% Solar 0.4% 1% Biomass 1.7% Geothermal 0.4% All Renewable 11% EIA 2040 13% 13% (13%) Source of data for each column given in following pages 16% U.S. Electrical Power Production EIA 1990/2011/2040 = EIA - Annual Energy Outlook 2015 with projections to 2040: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er%282013%29.pdf Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel Electrification of Transportation EIA 2014 = EIA - FAQs 2014: What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3 Lecture(s): Power Plant Land and Water Requirements WP 2015 = Washington Post, 2015 - Mapping how the United States generates its electricity: http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/ Original Source: "Washington Post analysis of Energy Information Administration" Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel (this lecture also includes the WP state by state data) U.S. Electrical Power Production From the preceding figure, U.S. average power in 2015 Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel Vs. EIA - Net Generation by Energy Source - Total All Sectors - 2002 to 2013: Source: www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_03_01_a.html Which states that Total U.S. Energy Production in 2012 = 4,047,765 GW-h Dividing this by 365 x 24 hours => US average power in 2012 = 462 GW Lecture(s): Power Plant Land and Water Requirements Power Cycles and Energy Storage, Broader Impacts & Requirements II U.S. Electrical Power Production EIA - Primary Energy Consumption by Source & Sector (2012) Source: www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pecss_diagram.cfm Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power Data for Electric Power Sector: Petroleum: 1% Natural Gas: 20% Coal: 46% Renewable: 13% Nuclear: 21% U.S. and Individual State Electrical Power Production: National Public Radio (2014) Source: http://www.npr.org/2015/09/10/319535020/coal-gas-nuclear-hydro-how-your-state-generatespower%20utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_term=nprne ws&utm_content=20150910 Lecture(s): Carbon Power, Next Gen Nuclear Power U.S. Renewable Electrical Power Production Breakdown of U.S. renewable energy sources in 2012 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States Original source: www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#generation Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power Hydroelectric: 58% Wind: 26.9% Biomass: 11% Geothermal: 3.2% Solar: 0.8% Combining this with 13% number for all renewable power in preceding EIA figure Hydro = 58% of 13% = 7.5% of total U.S. Power Wind power = 26.9% of 13% = 3.5% of total U.S. Power U.S. Electrical Power Production 16.7 GW Source: "Introduction to Energy & the Environment" by Edward S. Rubin Based on comparison to preceding EIA figure's 400 GW total in ~ 1997: Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel Anerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste (2010) = 1.67 GW Source: Energy Systems Engineering - Vanek, Albright & Angenent (McGraw Hill 2012) Original Source cited as: EPA Based on comparison to preceding EIA figure's 456 GW total in ~ 2010 Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel Geothermal Energy (2013) = 16,517 GW-hr over year => 1.88 GW => 0.4% Source: www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01_a Lecture(s): Exotic Power Sources Solar Cell Efficiency Records Annual chart published by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ Lecture(s): Solar Power / Next Generation Solar Power An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy EIA - Cost of New Generation Resources, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Report: https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf My cached copies of recent reports: 2011 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015 Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuels My Excel spreadsheet representation of such EIA data: An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy 2014 Lazard Levelized Costs of US Energy (version 8) Source: www.lazard.com/media/1777/levelized_cost_of_energy_-_version_80.pdf Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy Bloomberg / World Energy Council - Cost of Energy Technologies 2013 Source: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results Plus breakdowns by: - Specific Technology - Location of deployment Levelized Cost of Grid Level Energy Storage (in $/MW-h): NREL - Hydrogen Energy Storage Analysis Overview Source: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/48360.pdf DOTY – Projection of Levelized Cost Benefit of Grid Scale Energy Storage Options Source: http://dotyenergy.com/PDFs/Doty-90377-Storage-ASME-ES10.pdf Lecture(s): Power Cycles and Energy Storage Storage Technology NREL 2010 Doty 2010 NREL ~ 2015 Pumped Storage Hydro 130-180 56 130 Fuel Cell 100-600 51 240-280 V redox battery 220-500 Adiabatic CAES 100-165 280 162 Li ion battery 167 Flywheel 532 Lead Acid battery 181 NaS battery 220-320 NiCd battery 480-1030 Ultra Capacitors 774 100 250 830 2910 U.S. Power Consumption EIA - Domestic production satisfies 84% of total U.S. energy demand in 2013 (below left): Source: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16511&src=Total-b1 Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation Power Consumption - Housing Thomasnet.com - The Damage Done - How Detrimental Is Petrol (above right) Source: http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2012/03/12/the-damage-done-gas-addiction-edition-how-detrimental-is-petrol Original data source: EIA Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation Electrification of Transportation U.S. Power Consumption EPA - Light Duty Automotive Technology - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Fuel Economy Trends - 1975 through 2014: Highlights: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm Full Report: http://www3.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation U.S. Power Consumption EIA - Heating and cooling no longer majority of U.S. home energy use – 2009 Source: http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Housing Climatology and Climate Change IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2007: "Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis" Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-frontmatter.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change Climatology and Climate Change IPCC Fifth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2013: "Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis" Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change Climatology and Climate Change GRID Arendal - Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale scale_a210 Source: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time- Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change Climatology and Climate Change National Research Council (Academies of Science and Engineering): America's Energy Choices Source: https://www.princeton.edu/mae/people/faculty/socolow/Americas-Climate-Choices.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cumulative annual worldwide and U.S. emissions during the 1990's: Source: Intro to Energy and the Environment – Edward S. Rubin (p. 40) Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Carbon Footprints & Sequestration World US CO2: Commercial Energy Cement manufacturing and gas flaring Tropical deforestation Total 22,900 1,000 5,900 29,800 5,250 50 5,300 CH4: Fossil fuel production Enteric fermentation Rice paddies Landfills Animal waste Sewage Total 100 85 60 40 25 25 375 11 Cultivated soils Industrial Biomass burning Cattle and feed lots Total 3.5 1.3 0.5 0.4 5.7 0.5 CPC-11, -12, -13 HCFC-22 HFCs, PFCs, SF6 0.7 0.2 N2O: Other: 0.1 0.1 0.34 \ Greenhouse Gas Emissions EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2012 Source: (million metric tons CO2 equivalent) http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdf Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Ccarbon Footprints & Sequestration CO2: 1990 2012 5108 5072 Electricity Generation 4745 2023 Transportation 1494 1740 Industrial 845 774 Residential 338 288 Commercial 219 197 Non-energy use of Fuels 120 110 Steel Production / Mining 100 54 Natural Gas Systems 38 35 Cement Production 33 35 Waste/Cropland burning 15 20 Ammonia Production 13 9 Fossil Fuel Combustion (continuation of preceding table) 1990 CH4: N2O: Enteric fermentations (a.k.a. flatulence) 138 2012 141 Natural Gas Systems 156 130 Landfills 148 102 Coal Mining 81 56 Manure Management 32 53 Petroleum Systems 36 32 Agriculture soil management 282 306 Stationary Combustion 12 22 Manure Management 14 18 Mobile Construction 44 17 Nitric Acid Production 18 15 "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics" - Mark Twain An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Credits / Acknowledgements Some materials used in this class were developed under a National Science Foundation "Research Initiation Grant in Engineering Education" (RIGEE). Other materials, including the "UVA Virtual Lab" science education website, were developed under even earlier NSF "Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement" (CCLI) and "Nanoscience Undergraduate Education" (NUE) awards. This set of notes was authored by John C. Bean who also created all figures not explicitly credited above. Copyright John C. Bean (2015) (However, permission is granted for use by individual instructors in non-profit academic institutions) An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm