What Kind of Metrology
Do We Need in 2010?
Developments in Germany and Europe
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Manfred Kochsiek
Vice President
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
Braunschweig and Berlin
Why 2010?
The world is changing!
... and:
• National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) have to be
1-2 years ahead of trends and developments
in trade, industry and science
• High investments need a lead time of ~ 5 years
 Planning for 2010 has to start now!
2
Questions
• How can we maintain high-quality metrology while
national budgets are decreasing?

Extend cooperation

Strategic planning
• What has to be harmonized in metrology?

WTO: “Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade”
updated all 3 years
• What are the challenges for European metrology?

Support “Free trade, single market”

Identify “metrology customers”

...
3
Europe in 2010
• Europe will have grown
to ~ 30 member states
25 EU states
+ Bulgaria, Romania (2007)
+ Turkey, Croatia (?),
4 EFTA states
(Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway, Switzerland)
National budgets
Metrology has to
“Metrology dilemma”
are
be maintained
decreasing
or even extended
 European cooperation becomes increasingly important!
4
Planning in Metrology
Former “academic-oriented” approach:
 Expand NMI´s capabilities by
– lowering measurement uncertainty
– extending measurement range
– developing new measurement methods
Modern “efficiency-oriented” approach:
 Follow customers´ needs...
5
Who are our Customers
and What can we do for Them?
• Politics
 consulting of governments
 maintaining metrological infrastructure
 dismantling of trade barriers
 measurement and calibration
• Trade
+ Industry  testing and certification
 applied research
 standardization and harmonization
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• Science
 fundamental research
 measurement and calibration
on highest level
• Society
 consumer protection
 occupational health, environment
and safety
Metrology in Germany
Realization of the units
Dissemination of the units
Traceability
85 verification
bodies
350
testing centres
Ruhrgas AG
7
> 120 Mio.
measurement
units
3500 calibrations
by PTB for DKD
250 000 calibrations
by DKD for industry
10 000 000 calibrations
within industry
PTB The National Metrology Institute of Germany
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
• highest technical authority under the auspices of the
Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWA)
• founded 1887 as Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt
• annual budget of ~ 125 Mio. Euros
• ~ 1400 staff members (+ 300)
Mission
PTB stands for progress and reliability in metrology for the benefit of
society, trade, industry, and science.
Vision
PTB wants to be the worldwide highest center of competence in the
field of metrology as a partner and service provider.
8
History of PTB
1887
1923
1946
1950
1953
1977
Hermann von Helmholtz
1990
2002
9
Foundation of the PhysikalischTechnische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in
Berlin (H. v. Helmholtz and W. v.
Siemens)
Incorporation of the Reichsanstalt für
Maß und Gewicht
(Weights and Measures Office)
Rebuilding of PTR in Berlin
Foundation of PTB in Braunschweig
Affiliation of PTR to PTB as
“Berlin Institute”
Foundation of DKD (German Calibration
Service) by government and industry
Incorporation of the metrology section of
the ASMW of the former GDR into PTB
Close-down of ASMW site in Berlin
Sites of PTB
Braunschweig
+
Berlin
10
Profile of Tasks
• Fundamentals of metrology
Realization and dissemination
of the SI units
• Metrology for economy
Increasing the efficiency of
economy, safeguarding of
employment
• Metrology for society
Promotion of consumer
protection, safeguarding of
living conditions
• International affairs
Removal of technical barriers
to trade, unification of
metrology
11
What Makes PTB Different
• PTB is not a typical authority
 60 % research / development
25 % calibration / services
15 % consultation
• PTB is not a typical research institute
 fundamental research work is necessary for
development, calibration, services, consulting
to be done on highest level
 PTB´s tasks are stipulated by ~ 30 laws and
regulations
12
Legal Tasks of PTB
Staff resources
15 % for the legally
regulated field
Total revenues
5,5 Mio. € / year
plus
1,5 Mio. € / year
(approvals of
gambling
machines)
13
Customers´ Needs
Example “Time”
 initial fundamental research
 navigation by satellite ± 1 m
advanced
atomic clocks
 10 -17
state-of-the-art
atomic clock
-14
process
 10control
 10 -11
quartz clock
 10 -8
14
Customers´ Needs
Example “Force”
Extending Measurement Range for dissemination / traceability
Materials testing / Safety engineering
Off-shore industry
< 1 N down to µN
growing need:
 micro actors
 forces for micro assembly
Space technology
Surface mining
Aircraft industry
Material-handling industry
Automobile industry
Metrology in medicine
> 20 MN
little need
Automatic control
Textile industry
1N
1N
15
10 N
100 N
1 kN
10 kN
100 kN
Force scale of PTB
1 MN
10 MN
16.5 MN
100 MN
Customers´ Needs
Example “Force”
Typical applications of small forces
Hardness measuring
Coordinate measuring
Stylus systems
New PTB Facility
AFM
PTB Force
Standard Machines
Atomic Force Microscopes
10-9
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Force in Newton
16
100
101
102
103
Customers´ Needs
Example “Force”
Equipment for force range 1 mN to 5 N
Piezoelectrical
adjustment device
Force transducer
(to be investigated)
Electrodynamic force
compensation balance
Lever
mechanism
17
Position
sensor
Coil
Magnet
Metrology Foresight
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Predictions may Fail...
“Prediction is very difficult,
especially about the future”
Nils Bohr
because
1. Innovation is not accepted:
“Adaptive light”, moving automobile headlight,
~ 1955 invented by Citroen, re-invented 2005
2. Innovation is misjudged:
"You could put in this room... all the radiotelephone apparatus
that the country will ever need”
W. W. Dean, President Dean Telephone Company (1907)
"I think there is a world market for about five computers”
Th. Watson, Chairman of IBM (1943)
"640k ought to be enough for anybody”
Bill
Gates (1981)
19
How to Recognize Challenges
20
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies
How to Recognize Challenges
21
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies
Modernization of Legal Metrology in Germany
Political guidelines
• Entrust private bodies with technically orientated tasks
• Implementation of the MID
• Globalization (MAA of the OIML)
Necessary steps
• Market surveillance in Europe
• New technologies, i.e. assessment procedures for
measuring systems
• New measuring devices, i.e. in deregulated fields: gas,
electricity
• Sampling test procedures
22
How to Recognize Challenges
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and
science (“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
 numerous personal contacts
 publications, conferences, fairs
 collaboration in bodies (standardisation etc.)
 internet investigation
 new internet-based platform for PTB services,
especially for SMEs
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Communication about our work
PTB-own publications
• Annual Reports
• PTB Reports
• PTB Testing Instructions
• PTB Texts
• Monographs
• “PTB-Mitteilungen”
• “PTBnews”
• “maßstäbe”
• Press releases
• Divers brochures
• Internet homepage
www.ptb.de
24
How to Recognize Challenges
25
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies
Co-operations: PTB and Partners
About 270 co-operations between PTB and
• universities
i.e. prototype of a balance together with the
Technical University Ilmenau
• industry
i.e. nanometer comparator together with the
company Heidenhain
• research institutes
i.e. use of synchrotron radiation @ BESSY II GmbH
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Chip Lithography Roadmap
Structure sizes and wavelengths
of the projected light
Wavelength
Structure Size
27
Industry Co-operation
PTB Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
PTB Radiometry Laboratory
@ BESSY II
PTB Willy-Wien-Laboratory
@ Metrology Light Source
28
Industry Co-operation
@ BESSY II
Co-operation with the Carl Zeiss SMT AG
Characterization of mirrors for extreme-UV
lithography (EUVL) for the next chip generations
EUVL collector mirror
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EUV lithography
Industry Co-operation
Project „ABBILD“
A 220 Mio. € project of 20 partner from industry and, research institutes
Aim:
Development of new technologies
for the mask lithography of the future
30
How to Recognize Challenges
31
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies
Reports / Advice
Evaluation of PTB
2002:
An international commission
under management of
H. Weule evaluate PTB
3 Meetings with
laboratory inspections
April, August,
November
Interactive process,
sub-commissions
April until
August
Handing over of the
evaluation report
16. Dez. 2002
32
Evaluation of PTB
Commission Suggestions
• PTB-internal issues, i.e.
- strengthen customer orientation
- specify short-, medium- and long-term needs in metrology
- sustain high level of of research work, education and
training
• Relation between PTB and ministry, i.e.
- improve resources for PTB
- allow more flexibility and autonomy for PTB
• PTB and industry, i.e.
- promote technology transfer
• Sustain / improve activities in the metrology fields of
radiometry, primary clocks, quantum electronics,
lithography, ionizing radiation, molecular medicine,
chemistry, and IT
33
How to Recognize Challenges
36
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies
Strategy & Foresight
“Health” as the Engine of Growth
37
Strategy & Foresight
Key Technologies 2010
Technologies with the highest innovation potential
(VDE 2002)
Microsystems- and Nanotechnology
80
57
IT, Mobile Communication, Networking
46
50
Biotechnology, Life Science
47
73
Electronic/ Microelectronic
38
45
Optical Technologies
46
36
Internet, Software, Computing
29
30
Production engineering
18
38
24
university/research
all
Strategy & Foresight
Weighing Technology
Future technology of balances
(Delphi Study 1997)
Assessment after “halftime”
1997 – 2005 – 2010
- Gravimetric and volumetric measurement
- Force and weighing sensor
- Online weighing technology
- Accuracy
- New areas: e.g. automotive engineering
- Consumption area: No new development
Many things are possible! Is there a need?
40
How to Recognize Challenges
41
•
Political guidelines
•
Contacts with industry, trade, society and science
(“bottom-up”)
•
Technical seminars, meetings and conferences
(national, regional, international)
•
Co-operations
•
Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance)
•
Advice (board of trustees, advisory council)
•
Strategic and foresight studies in metrology, i.e.
- Kaarls Report (BIPM)
- Legal Metrology 2020, Birch Study (OIML)
- MERA / iMERA (EU)
Strategy & Foresight
BIPM - Kaarls Report
Evolving Needs for Metrology in Trade, Industry and
Society and the Role of the BIPM (2003)
Current and new requirements:
• Metrology related to the quality of life
• Metrology related to monitoring environmental pollution
• Metrology in monitoring climate change
New approaches and technologies:
• Traceability to SI or internationally agreed references
• Application of information technology
• New optical/microwave applications (femtosecond lasers)
• Lab-on-a-chip, nanotechnology, microbiology
• Commercially available quantum-based primary standards
42
Strategy & Foresight
Legal Metrology - OIML
Workshop “Legal Metrology in 2020”
(2002, 150 participants, 45 countries)
Visions for social and political developments and technologies
 Results for legal metrology
•
•
•
•
•
More harmonization and world wide acceptance is necessary
New technical challenges are caused by the internet
Global market surveillance is necessary
Participation of developing countries
OIML-Mutual Acceptance Agreement (MAA)
„Birch Study“ (2003)
http://www.oiml.org/publications/birch_study.html
“Benefit of Legal Metrology for the Economy and Society“
43
Strategy & Foresight
MERA Study
= “Metrology in the European Research Area”
FP5 project, 2002-2004, 11 NMIs
Motivation:
• Necessity to begin with new fields of work
• Growing complexity of tasks
• Decreasing budgets
• Growing number of NMIs in Europe
Main project tasks:
• Inventory control of metrological activities
• Develop perspectives for European co-operation
• Understand various options for the future of
the metrology infrastructure in Europe
44
Do we need 30 NMIs in Europe?
Possible Future Scenarios
A - Comprehensive national provision
D - Single European Institute
at present
B - Selected standard holders
C - Specialized centers of excellence
MERA: future situation
45
www.euromet.org/docs/pubs/docs/Mera_final_report.pdf
MERA follow-up:
iMERA
“implementing Metrology in the
European Research Area”
FP6 project, 2005-2007
20 partners from 14 countries + IRMM
Main tasks:
• Co-ordinate European metrology research in strategic
areas
• Establish an ERA outside the Framework Programme,
but with the EC, through “Article 169” action (EU treaty)
• Develop structures for execution of a common European
Metrology Research Programme
• Reappraise EUROMET
46
www.euromet.org/projects/imera
Where are we now?
Continue with / improve
• Key technologies (Nano- / micro-, optical , energy, ...)
• Fundamental metrology (Quantum electronics, ...)
• “Quality of life” (Metrology in chemistry, medicine physics, ...)
• Industrial use of quantum standards
• Traffic control (Breath alcohol,...)
Started with
• Online and Inline measurements
• Metrological information technology (software testing,...)
• Calibration via internet
• Cross linking with other NMI (e.g. NPL) via internet
47
New Activities - To Come?
• Metrology for biotechnology
• Genetic engineering
• Dimensionless or “soft” metrology (customer satisfaction):
Measurement techniques and models which enable the
objective quantification of properties which are
determined by human perception. The human response
may be in any of the five senses: sight, smell, sound, taste
and touch.
– Nobel Price 2004 (research on smell)
– Request of automobile industry
– Issues: Electronic nose, air design, melodiousness
– Helmholtz-Symposium 2002 „To Feel or to Measure“
48
Today & Tomorrow
New Activities - Examples
• Biotechnology and biomedical
information technology
• Health care and molecular medicine
• Dimensional metrology and in-line
measuring technique
• Dynamic measurements
• Metrology in chemistry
• Software validation and data
security
• Quantum metrology and
fundamental constants
• Nanotechnology and microsystems
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Global Measurement System
WTO/OIML
Harmonized
legal regulations
Traceability
to the SI
CIPM
Harmonized
standards
Global
Measurement
System
50
Competence of test
laboratories and
certification bodies
Exchange of
knowledge
IMEKO
ISO/IEC
ILAC/IAF
National Quality Infrastructure
National
Value Chains
National MSTQ System
Accreditation
ISO 9000, ISO 14000,
HACCP, etc
Product Certification,
CE, GS, etc
Testing, Analysis
Investigation
Certificate
IAF ILAC
ISO Guide 62,
65, etc
Certification
ISO 17025
- products
- processes
National Standards
International Standards
International
MSTQ System
Standardization
Testing
Laboratories
ISO CODEX
Intercomparisons
Proficiency tests
traceability
Metrology
Legal Metrology
Reference Materials
Calibration of Equipment
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- NMIs
- Calibration Labs
BIPM
Thank You!
„Measure what is measurable, and
make measurable what is not so (yet).”
Linked to Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)
52
http://www.ptb.de
Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt
National Metrology Institute of Germany
www.ptb.de
53