HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
OVERVIEW
29 CFR 1926.1126 CHROMIUM (VI)
Susan Harwood Grant #
46E6 – HT34
Background Information
Chromium is a metal that exists in several
oxidation or valence states, ranging from
chromium (-II) to chromium (+VI).
Chromium compounds are very stable in the
trivalent state and occur naturally in this state in
ores such as ferrochromite, or chromite ore.
The hexavalent, Cr(VI) or chromate, is the
second most stable state. It rarely occurs
naturally; most Cr(VI) compounds are man
made.
Background Information
OSHA has determined that the PEL of 5 µg/m3
is technologically feasible for all affected welding
job categories
OSHA has concluded that no carbon steel
welders are exposed to Cr(VI) above 5 µg/m3,
with the exception of a small portion of workers
welding on carbon steel in enclosed and
confined spaces.
Many welding processes, such as tungsten-arc
welding (TIG) and submerged arc welding
(SAW), already achieve Cr(VI) exposures below
the PEL because they inherently generate lower
fume volumes.
Is Chrome a Carcinogen or
Necessary Element?
Chrome III is an essential nutrient for
maintaining blood glucose levels
Chrome VI is classified as a known
human carcinogen
Health Effects
Cancer
– Hexavalent chromium is
considered a potential lung
carcinogen.
– Studies of workers in the
chromate production, plating,
and pigment industries
consistently show increased
rates of lung cancer.
– Insoluble forms such as zinc
chromate are the most potent
– 20 year cancer latency
Health Effects
Ingestion Hazards
– Erosive to stomach
– Hemorrhaging and death are likely
– Treatment for ingestion - dilution with milk or
water and/or asorbic acid. This should only
be given by someone qualified in first aid.
Ingestion of ascorbic acid to reduce Cr VI to Cr III
will work, but may cause renal failure (conversion
of ascorbic acid to oxalate plugs the kidneys)
– Recommended that you seek medical
assistance first.
Health Effects
Eyes
– Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate
dusts can cause permanent eye damage.
- Treatment for eye contact – Flush eye(s) for 15 min.
Seek medical assistance.
Respiratory Tract
– Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat,
and lungs.
– Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the
mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result
in ulcers.
– In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the
septum (the wall separating the nasal passages).
Health Effects
Skin
– Prolonged skin contact can result in dermatitis and
skin ulcers.
– Some workers develop an allergic sensitization to
chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with even
small amounts can cause a serious skin rash.
– Kidney damage has been linked to high dermal
exposures.
– Treatment for skin contact - Irrigate with water
Possible use of 10% ascorbic acid topically (the acid
reduces/changes Cr VI to Cr III)
Recommended that you seek medical assistance first.
New Cr VI OSHA Standard
Suit by Public Citizen Health Research Group;
Paper, Allied Industrial, Chemical, and Energy
Workers Union (1997 & 2002)
4/2/2003 - 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals ruling for
OSHA Cr(VI) proposal to be published by
10/4/2004 and standard by 1/18/2006
2/28/2006 - Final Rule published
Greater Risk Than Asbestos
Cancer risk from Cr (VI) at new PEL is
higher than asbestos risk at asbestos PEL
– Asbestos: 6.7 deaths per 1000 workers
– Benzene: 10 deaths per 1000 workers
– Chrome VI: 10-45 excess lung cancer deaths
per 1000 workers for 45 years of exposure at
new PEL of 5 ug/m3
Past Cr VI Sampling
Under the old PEL:
– little sampling was performed;
– Chrome plating was the main focus
Some overexposures were noted
– Little welding sampling was performed
– A few spray painter exposures were evaluated
They were VERY HIGH.
– Painting a plane in a bunker was 1000 X the PEL
– Consultation found 3250 ug/m3, 650 X the new
PEL
Not much prior sampling for Cr VI exposures
Coverage
General Industry
Basic difference: Construction and
Shipyards Cr VI standards lack sections
on
– Regulated Areas
– Housekeeping
Scope
This standard applies to occupational exposures
to chromium (VI) in all forms and compounds in
construction, except:
– Exposures that occur in the application of pesticides;
– Exposures to portland cement; or
– Where the employer has objective data
demonstrating that a material containing chromium or
a specific process, operation, or activity involving
chromium cannot release dusts, fumes, or mists of
chromium (VI) in concentrations at or above 0.5 µg/m³
as an 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) under any
expected conditions of use.
29 CFR 1926.1126(a)
What is Covered?
Welding - Stainless Steel
Welding - Carbon Steel
Painting
Woodworking
Refractory Brick Restoration & Maintenance
Hazardous Waste Site Work
Industrial Rehabilitation and Maintenance
Portland Cement Producers – Portland Cement?
Ready Mix Concrete – Portland Cement?
Precast Concrete Products – Portland Cement?
Welding
Nearly half the workers
covered under the new
standard are welders
Chromium in steel is oxidized
to Cr VI by high welding
temperatures
– 6,000 - 8,000° C for the SMAW,
GTAW, GMAW, FCAW and SAW
processes
The hotter the process and the
more oxygen that is present,
more fume is generated
Welding
Overexposures are
POSSIBLE when welding
stainless steel or high
chrome steel and proper
procedures are not followed.
– Stainless steel has between
10.5% - 27% chromium
– Nickel is also present in some
types of stainless
Welding
Potential for
overexposure when
welding CARBON steel
and proper procedures
are not followed.
– Position of head during
welding is number one
problem
– Anywhere the welding
fume is more confined,
such as welding in a tight
corner
– Reason: 10% of carbon
steel has chromium in
more than trace amounts
Welding
Stick welding: High likelihood of
overexposure to Cr VI
– 50% of total Cr produced is Cr VI
( FR pg 10262 col 3)
TIG & MIG generates lower fume
amounts
– 4% of total Cr produced from MIG is
Cr VI
Welding
Submerged arc
generates lower fume
amounts
Conclusion: Switch to
MIG from stick if you
can
Definitions
Action level - 2.5 µg/m³ (8-hour TWA).
Permissible Exposure Limit - 5 µg/m³ (8hour TWA).
– This has been lowered from the past level of
52 micrograms per cubic meter of air (52
µg/m³).
29 CFR 1926.1126(b)
Definitions
Objective data means:
– Information such as air monitoring data from
industry-wide surveys; or
– Calculations based on the composition or
chemical and physical properties of a
substance
29 CFR 1926.1126(b)
Exposure Determination
Each employer who has a workplace or work
operation covered by this section shall
determine the 8-hour TWA exposure for each
employee exposed to chromium (VI).
This determination shall be made in accordance
with either of the following methods:
– Scheduled Monitoring Option
– Performance-oriented Option
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)
Exposure Determination
Scheduled Monitoring Option
– Perform initial monitoring to determine the 8hour TWA exposure for each employee.
Additional monitoring when:
– There has been any change that may result in new or
additional exposures to chromium (VI), or
– When the employer has any reason to believe that new
or additional exposures have occurred.
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)
Exposure Determination
Scheduled Monitoring Option
– Representative sampling may be performed
instead of sampling all employees in order to
meet this requirement.
In this case, the employer shall sample the
employee(s) expected to have the highest
chromium (VI) exposures.
Exposure Determination
If samples show < Action Level
– May discontinue monitoring
If samples show ≥ Action Level
– Periodic monitoring every six months
If samples show ≥ Permissible Exposure Level
– Periodic monitoring every three months
Additional monitoring where process has
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)
changed
Exposure Determination
Performance-oriented Option
– The employer shall determine the 8-hour TWA
exposure for each employee on the basis of
any combination of:
Air monitoring data;
Historical monitoring data (prior to 5/30/2006); or
Objective data.
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(3)
Employee Notification
If sampling shows > PEL, 5 working days to post
results or provide in writing
Where sampling shows > PEL, Employer must
describe in the written notification the corrective
action being taken to reduce employee exposure
to or below the PEL
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(4)
Accuracy of Sampling
Accuracy
– Method and analysis +/- 25% w/ a CI of 95%
Example would be the OSHA ID-215 Method
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(5)
Observation of Monitoring
Where air monitoring is performed to comply
with the requirements of this section
– Provide affected employees or their designated
representatives an opportunity to observe.
– The employer shall provide the observer with clothing
and equipment and shall assure that the observer
uses such clothing and equipment and complies with
all other applicable safety and health procedures.
29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(6)
Methods of Compliance
Use engineering and work practice controls to
reduce and maintain employee exposure to or
below the PEL.
– When not sufficient enough, Use of
respiratory protection in Addition.
– No exposure above the PEL for 30 or more
days per year or not feasible, Use of
respiratory protection alone to comply.
29 CFR 1926.1126(e)
Methods of Compliance
No rotation of
employees to different
jobs to achieve
compliance with the
PEL.
Engineering Controls
To the extent feasible, designed to eliminate or
reduce exposure to hazards based on the
following principles:
– If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process
to remove the hazard and/or substitute something
that is not hazardous or is less hazardous.
– If removal is not feasible, enclose the hazard to
prevent exposure in normal operations.
– Where complete enclosure is not feasible, establish
barriers or local ventilation to reduce exposure to the
hazard in normal operations.
Elimination by Design
Some examples of designing facilities,
equipment, or processes so that the hazard is no
longer present are:
– Redesigning, changing, or substituting equipment to
remove the source of excessive temperature, noise,
or pressure;
– Redesigning a process to use less toxic chemicals;
– Redesigning a workstation to relieve physical stress
and remove ergonomic hazards; and
– Designing general ventilation with sufficient fresh
outdoor air to improve indoor air quality and generally
to provide a safe, healthful atmosphere.
Enclosure of Hazards
When you can not remove a hazard and cannot
replace it with a less hazardous alternative, the
next best control is enclosure.
While this may control employee exposure
during production, it may not control exposures
during maintenance.
Enclosure of Hazards
Some examples of enclosure designs are:
– Complete enclosure of moving parts of machinery;
– Complete containment of toxic liquids or gasses from
the beginning of the process using or producing them
to detoxification, safe packing for shipment, or safe
disposal of toxic waste products;
– Glove box operations to enclose work with dangerous
micro-organisms, radio nuclides, or toxic substances;
and
– Complete containment of noise, heat, or pressure.
Barriers or Local Ventilation
When the potential hazard cannot be removed, replaced,
or enclosed, the next best approach is a barrier to
exposure, or, in the case of air contaminants, local
exhaust ventilation to remove the air contaminant from
the workplace.
This engineered control involves potential exposure to
the worker even in normal operations, consequently, it
should be used only in conjunction with other types of
controls, such as safe work practices designed
specifically for the site condition and/or personal
protective equipment.
Welding Controls
Fume extractor for stick and
MIG/TIG welding on stainless
steel
Fume extractor for enclosed
welding on any kind of steel
Weld using lower temperatures
Avoid stick welding on steel
containing chrome, if possible
How is welding fume
controlled?
Change the welding procedures;
– Stick to MIG or even better TIG
Use welding wires/rods designed for lower fume
generation;
Change power sources;
Change shielding gases; or
Fume removal / extraction.
Fume Removal / Extraction
Low Vacuum (High Volume)
– Low Vacuum systems remove a large amount of air at low
velocity and low vacuum pressure.
– In welding fume extraction, low vacuum systems use articulated
“arms” roughly 8 inches in diameter and can be from 12 to 18
inches from the welding arc.
– These arms typically draw between 600 and 900 CFM per arm.
– If access to the joint prevents the use of fume guns or suction
heads, low vacuum may be the better solution.
– If the weldment smokes considerably after welding due to die
oils or paint, fume guns will not work since they are removed
after welding.
Low Vacuum (High Volume)
Mobiflex 100-NF Portable
Fan
– For hard to reach areas,
exhaust the fume
– Connect to 6 in. diameter,
16 ft. long hose set with
magnet mounted hood
exhaust or extension hose
set.
– Does not provide filtration.
Low Vacuum (High Volume)
Mobiflex 200-M Base Unit - Mobile
Welding Fume Extractor
– A portable, low vacuum/high volume
disposable filtration system designed for
intermittent or continuous extraction and
filtration of welding fumes.
– On-board internal extraction fan and is
designed specifically for weld applications.
– The particulate is collected on the inside
of the cartridge, minimizing exposure to
particulate during filter maintenance and
disposal.
Fume Removal / Extraction
High Vacuum (Low Volume)
– High Vacuum systems capture fume as close to the arc as
possible using integrated fume extraction guns or heads that use
small diameter hose 1.5–1.75 inches, about 4 to 6 inches from
the welding arc.
– These systems use much smaller hose or duct because they
draw only between 35 and 150 CFM.
– Fume is captured before it reaches the operators breathing zone.
– Using fume guns, the suction automatically follows the arc,
eliminating repositioning necessary with low vacuum arms.
– Since only a small volume of air is processed, the strain on
heating and cooling systems is minimal.
– Portable and mobile high vacuum units are smaller and less
expensive than mobile low vacuum units.
High Vacuum (Low Volume)
Miniflex - Portable Welding Fume
Extractor
– A portable, high vacuum, low volume
system specifically designed for the
removal and filtration of welding fumes.
– It can be completely disassembled in a
matter of minutes for cleaning and
maintenance.
– With an automatic start/stop function,
the unit automatically turns on and off
during welding.
– It can be used in confined spaces and
other locations that are not accessible
with other welding fume extractors.
Work Practice Controls
Position of head during welding operations
When welding outside, having the wind at
your back with the fumes being pushed
away from your head.
Preplan your work.
Some Painting Controls
Chromates provide excellent corrosion control.
With what data exists, airborne spray painting
exposures are high.
Recommendations:
– Substitute with non-Cr VI paint, if possible
– Conduct spray painting in an extremely well-designed
and maintained booth. (Think of controlling leadbased spray paint exposures, but having to control 10
times better.)
– Airline respirators
Some Painting Controls
Ventilated grinders have been
designed for silica and lead exposures
Some grinders have a ventilated
shroud on the grinder or needle gun,
others may also have a perforated
grinder disk
If the paint contains zinc chromate or
other chromates, Cr VI exposures will
be high
Some Painting Controls
Ventilated tools, ventilated enclosures, and
increased levels of PPE are recommended
Use Paint strippers to eliminate airborne
exposures
Personal Protective
Equipment
When exposure to hazards cannot be
engineered completely out of normal operations
or maintenance work, and when safe work
practices cannot provide sufficient additional
protection, a further method of control is using
protective clothing or equipment.
These include face shields, steel-toed shoes,
hard hats, respirators, hearing protection, gloves
and safety glasses.
Respiratory Protection
Provide respiratory protection for employees
during:
– Installing or implementing feasible engineering and
work practice controls;
– Work operations where exposed above the PEL for
fewer than 30 days per year and the employer has
elected not to implement engineering and work
practice controls to achieve the PEL; or
– Emergencies.
Where respirator use is required by this section,
the employer shall institute a respiratory
protection program in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.134.
29 CFR 1926.1126(f)
Respiratory Program
Requirements
29 CFR 1910.134
Respiratory Protection
Program
The employer shall implement a written respiratory
protection program with required worksite-specific
procedures and elements for required respirator use
including:
–
–
–
–
Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace
Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators
Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting respirators
Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and
reasonably foreseeable emergency situations
29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1)
Respiratory Protection
Program
The employer shall implement a written respiratory
protection program with required worksite-specific
procedures and elements for required respirator use
including:
– Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing,
inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining
respirators
– Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of
breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators
– Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they
are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations
– Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including
putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and
their maintenance and
– Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the
program.
29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1)
Respiratory Protection
Program
Where respirator use is not required:
– An employer may provide respirators at the request of
employees or permit employees to use their own respirators, if
the employer determines that such respirator use will not in itself
create a hazard.
– If the employer determines that any voluntary respirator use is
permissible, the employer shall provide the respirator users with
the information contained in Appendix D to this section
("Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not
Required Under the Standard") and
– In addition, the employer must establish and implement those
elements of a written respiratory protection program necessary
to ensure that any employee using a respirator voluntarily is
medically able to use that respirator, and that the respirator is
cleaned, stored, and maintained so that its use does not present
a health hazard to the user.
29 CFR 1910.134(c)(2)
Respiratory Protection
Program
The employer shall designate a program administrator
who is qualified by appropriate training or experience
that is commensurate with the complexity of the program
to administer or oversee the respiratory protection
program and conduct the required evaluations of
program effectiveness.
29 CFR 1910.134(c)(3)
Types of Respiratory Protective
Equipment
Dust, Fume and Mist Respirators:
– Mechanical filter respirators offer
protection against airborne matter
including dusts, mists, metal fumes
and smoke.
Mechanical filter respirators do
not provide protection against
gases, vapors, or oxygen
deficiency.
Types of Respiratory Protective
Equipment
Chemical Cartridge Respirators:
– Chemical Cartridge Respirators afford protection against
concentrations of certain acid gases and organic vapors utilizing
various chemical agents to purify the inhaled air. They shall not
be used in atmospheres which are oxygen deficient.
– Chemical Cartridge Respirators (1/2 mask) shall not be used for
protection against:
Gaseous material that is extremely toxic in small
concentrations (hydrogen cyanide and sulfide).
Exposure to harmful gaseous material which cannot be
detected by odor (carbon monoxide).
Gaseous material in concentrations which are highly irritating
to the eyes.
Types of Respiratory Protective
Equipment
Air Supplied Hood:
– The Air Supplied Hood is normally used where the user only
requires protection against levels of material or requires an air
flow for cooling purposes.
– This equipment shall not be used in any situation where the user
would be endangered.
Types of Respiratory Protective
Equipment
Airline Respirator:
– The airline respirator consists or a
full face mask supplied with
breathing air by a compressor or
multiple stationary cylinders.
– Care must be exercised to prevent
damage to the hose and regulator
while in use, and the assembly
shall be stored in such a way that
damage will be avoided.
Types of Respiratory Protective
Equipment
Cylinder Type Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus:
– The SCBA utilizes compressed
breathing air and will provide
protection in any atmosphere
regardless or contamination or
oxygen.
– Although this equipment should
provide breathing air for
approximately 30 minutes, caution
or emotional strain may reduce the
rated time.
– Users of this equipment shall
immediately begin exiting the
hazardous atmosphere when the
low pressure alarm sounds.
Selection of Respirators
An appropriate NIOSH-certified respirator will be
selected and provided based on the respiratory
hazard(s) to which workers are exposed and all relevant
workplace and user factors that affect respirator
performance and reliability.
An evaluation of the respiratory hazard(s) in the
workplace will be conducted and will include a
reasonable estimate of employee exposures to
respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the
contaminant's chemical state and physical form.
Where the respiratory hazards or a reasonable estimate
of the employee exposure cannot be identified, the
atmosphere will be considered IDLH.
29 CFR 1910.134(d)
Selection of Respirators
Employees will be allowed to select the respirator to be
used from a sufficient number of respirator models and
sizes so that the respirator is acceptable and correctly
fits.
In IDLH atmospheres, one of the following respirators
must be used:
– A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified by NIOSH for a
minimum service life of thirty minutes, or
– A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
– Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres
shall be NIOSH-certified for escape from the atmosphere in
which they will be used.
– All oxygen-deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH.
29 CFR 1910.134(d)
Selection of Respirators
In atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the following
respirators must be used:
– For protection against gases and vapors, one of the following
respirators must be used:
An atmosphere-supplying respirator, or
An air-purifying respirator, provided that:
– The respirator is equipped with an end-of-service-life
indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant;
or
– If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the
employer's workplace, the employer implements a
change schedule for canisters and cartridges that is
based on objective information or data that will ensure
that canisters and cartridges are changed before the end
of their service life.
29 CFR 1910.134(d)
Selection of Respirators
In atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the following
respirators must be used: Cont.
– For protection against particulates, one of the following
respirators must be used:
An atmosphere-supplying respirator; or
An air-purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by
NIOSH under 30 CFR part 11 as a high efficiency particulate
air (HEPA) filter, or an air-purifying respirator equipped with a
filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR part
84; or
For contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass
median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least 2
micrometers, an air-purifying respirator equipped with any
filter certified for particulates by NIOSH.
29 CFR 1910.134(d)
Selection of Respirators
The respirator selected must have an assigned
protection factor adequate for the particular workplace
exposure. Divide the airborne contaminant
concentration by the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) to
obtain a hazard ratio. To select an appropriate
respirator, select from the following table a respirator
with an equal or greater protection factor.
29 CFR 1910.134(d)
Assigned Protection Factors
Type of Respirator
1,2
1. Air-Purifying Respirator
2. Powered Air-Purifying
Respirator (PAPR)
Quarter
Mask
Half
Mask
5
10 3
—
50
Full
Helmet Loose-Fitting
Facepiece /Hood
Facepiece
50
—
—
1,000
25/
1,000 4
25
50
—
—
25
3. Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline Respirator
• Demand mode
—
10
• Continuous flow mode
—
50
1,000
25/
1,000 4
• Pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure
mode
—
50
1,000
—
—
4. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Demand mode
—
10
50
50
—
• Pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure
mode (e.g., open/closed
circuit)
—
—
10,000
10,000
—
Respirator Selection Steps
1. Identify the air contaminants present in the workplace.
Include chemical name and form (i.e. dust, mist, fume, gas, or
vapor).
– DUST - Dusts are created when solid material breaks down and gives
off fine particles that float in the air before settling by gravity.
– MISTS - Mists are particles formed from liquid materials by
atomization and condensation processes.
– FUMES -Fumes are created when solid materials vaporize under high
heat. The metal vapor cools and condenses into small particles, with
a size generally less then one micrometer in diameter.
– GASES - Gases are substances that are similar to air in their ability to
diffuse or spread freely throughout a container or area.
– VAPORS - Vapors are the gaseous state of substances that are either
liquids or solids at room temperature. They are formed when solids or
liquids evaporate.
Respirator Selection Steps
2. Determine the concentration of the contaminant.
Air sampling is recommended.
*Note
If the concentration is unknown, select
either a positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA.
Respirator Selection Steps
3. Is the oxygen concentration or could the
oxygen concentration become less than
19.5%.
*Note
If the concentration of oxygen is less than
19.5%,select either a positive pressure selfcontained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or
positive pressure supplied air respirator with an
auxiliary SCBA.
Respirator Selection Steps
4. What are the exposure limits as published by the
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists or by the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health.
5. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater
than the IDLH concentration?
*Note
If the airborne concentration is greater
than the IDLH concentration, select either a
positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied
air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA
Respirator Selection Steps
6. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater
than 1000 times the TLV?
*Note
If the airborne concentration is greater
than 1000 times the TLV, select either a positive
pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air
respirator with an auxiliary SCBA.
Respirator Selection Steps
7. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater than 50
times the TLV?
– If the chemical airborne concentration is greater than 50 times
the TLV go to 8.
– If the chemical airborne concentration is not greater than 50
times the TLV go to 9.
8. Is the contamination form identified in step 1 a
particulate?
– If yes, select either a Powered AIR Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
or a supplied air respirator (except Half-Mask versions).
– If NO, select a supplied air respirator (except Half-Mask
versions).
Respirator Selection Steps
9. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater
than 10 times the TLV?
–
–
If yes, go to 10.
If no, select the Maintenance free or dual cartridge
Half-Mask respirator that is design for the chemical
involved.
10. Is the contaminant form identified is step 1 a
particulate?
–
–
If yes, select a full facepiece respirator with
appropriate particulate filters (high efficiency filters
recommended) or supplied air respirator.
If no, select a full facepiece respirator with
cartridges designed for the chemical involved.
Respirator Selection Steps
11.Are any other air contaminants present at the
same time?
– If yes, note the respirator suggested, and repeat the
entire procedure.
– If no, go to step 12.
12.Was more than one respirator recommendation
required for a specific exposure situation?
– If yes, note all respirator recommendations. If your
list contains more than one respirator and all are air
purifying respirators, select the one with the highest
assigned protection factor ( see the beginning of this
section ) and the one that can remove all of the
contaminants, if available.
Respirator Medical Evaluation
Using a respirator may place a physiological
burden on employees that varies with the type of
respirator worn, the job and workplace
conditions in which the respirator is used, and
the medical status of the employee.
Accordingly, all employee’s required to use a
respiratory protective device will be given,
before the employee is fit tested or required
to use the respirator in the workplace, a
medical evaluation to determine the employee's
ability to use a respirator.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
Medical evaluations may be performed by using
a medical questionnaire or an initial medical
examination that obtains the same information
as the medical questionnaire.
A follow-up medical examination will be provided
for an employee if the PLHCP determines the
need from the questionnaire or the initial medical
examination demonstrates the need for a
follow-up medical examination.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
The follow-up medical examination shall include
any medical tests, consultations, or diagnostic
procedures that the PLHCP deems necessary to
make a final determination.
The medical questionnaire and examinations
shall be administered confidentially during
normal working hours or at a time and place
convenient to the employee.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
The following information will be provided to the
PLHCP before the PLHCP makes a
recommendation concerning an employee's
ability to use a respirator:
– The type and weight of the respirator to be used by
the employee;
– The duration and frequency of respirator use
(including use for rescue and escape);
– The expected physical work effort;
– Additional protective clothing and equipment to be
worn; and
– Temperature and humidity extremes that may be
encountered.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
Any supplemental information provided
previously to the PLHCP regarding an employee
need not be provided for a subsequent medical
evaluation if the information and the PLHCP
remain the same.
In determining the employee's ability to use a
respirator, the employer must obtain a written
recommendation regarding the employee's
ability to use the respirator from the PLHCP
including any limitations on respirator use, and
the need, if any, for follow-up medical
evaluations.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
Employees will be provided with a copy of the
PLHCP's written recommendation.
If the respirator is a negative pressure respirator
and the PLHCP finds a medical condition that
may place the employee's health at increased
risk if the respirator is used, a PAPR will be
used, if the PLHCP's medical evaluation finds
that the employee can use such a respirator.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Respirator Medical Evaluation
At a minimum, additional medical evaluations that
comply with the requirements of this program will be
provided if:
– An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related
to ability to use a respirator;
– A PLHCP, supervisor, or the respirator program administrator
informs the employer that an employee needs to be reevaluated;
– Information from the respiratory protection program, including
observations made during fit testing and program evaluation,
indicates a need for employee reevaluation; or
– A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work
effort, protective clothing, temperature) that may result in a
substantial increase in the physiological burden placed on an
employee.
29 CFR 1910.134(e)
Fit Testing
Before an employee is required to use any
respirator:
– The employee must pass an appropriate qualitative fit
test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT) with the
same make, model, style, and size of respirator that
will be used.
Fit testing is required:
– Prior to initial use of the respirator,
– Whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style,
model or make) is used, and
– At least annually thereafter.
29 CFR 1910.134(f)
Fit Testing
An additional fit test will be required:
– Whenever the employee reports, or
– The PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator
makes visual observations of changes in the
employee's physical condition that could affect
respirator fit.
The fit test shall be administered using an
OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol.
29 CFR 1910.134(f)
Use of Respirators
Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces cannot
be worn by employees who have:
– Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of
the facepiece and the face or that interferes with
valve function; or
– Any condition that interferes with the
face-to-facepiece seal or valve function.
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
Use of Respirators
If an employee wears corrective glasses or
goggles or other personal protective equipment,
such equipment must be worn in a manner that
does not interfere with the seal of the facepiece
to the face of the user.
For all tight-fitting respirators, a user seal check
must be preformed each time they put on the
respirator.
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
User Seal Check
Positive pressure check.
– Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into
the facepiece.
– The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight
positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece
without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the
seal.
– For most respirators this method of leak testing
requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation
valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve
and then carefully replacing it after the test.
29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B
User Seal Check
Negative pressure check.
– Close off the inlet opening of the canister or
cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s)
or by replacing the filter seal(s), inhale gently so that
the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath
for ten seconds.
– The design of the inlet opening of some cartridges
cannot be effectively covered with the palm of the
hand. The test can be performed by covering the inlet
opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile
glove.
– If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed
condition and no inward leakage of air is detected, the
tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.
29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B
User Seal Check
Manufacturer's recommended user seal check
procedures –
– The respirator manufacturer's recommended
procedures for performing a user seal check may be
used instead of the positive and/or negative pressure
check procedures provided that the employer
demonstrates that the manufacturer's procedures are
equally effective.
29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B
Use of Respirators
Employees will be allowed to leave the
respirator use area:
– To wash their faces and respirator facepieces as
necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated
with respirator use; or
– If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in
breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece; or
– To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or
canister elements.
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
Use of Respirators
If the employee detects vapor or gas
breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance,
or leakage of the facepiece, the respirator must
be replaced or repaired before the employee will
be allowed to return to the work area.
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
Use of Respirators
For all IDLH atmospheres, the following
procedures must be followed:
– At least one employee must be located outside the
IDLH atmosphere;
– Visual, voice, or signal line communication must be
maintained between the employee(s) in the IDLH
atmosphere and the employee(s) located outside the
IDLH atmosphere;
– The employee(s) located outside the IDLH
atmosphere must be trained and equipped to provide
effective emergency rescue;
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
Use of Respirators
For all IDLH atmospheres, the following
procedures must be followed:
– The direct supervisor or designee must be notified
before the employee(s) located outside the IDLH
atmosphere enter the IDLH atmosphere to provide
emergency rescue;
– Employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmospheres
must be equipped with:
Respiratory protection
Appropriate retrieval equipment.
Equivalent means for rescue where retrieval equipment is not
required.
29 CFR 1910.134(g)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
All respirator users will be provided with a
respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good
working order.
The respirators shall be cleaned and disinfected
at the following intervals:
– Assigned respirators
Ccleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to be
maintained in a sanitary condition;
– Multi user respirators
Cleaned and disinfected before being worn by different
individuals;
– Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be
cleaned and disinfected after each use; and
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
Respirators must be stored to protect them from
damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme
temperatures, excessive moisture, and
damaging chemicals, and they shall be packed
or stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece
and exhalation valve.
Emergency respirators shall be:
– Kept accessible to the work area;
– Clearly marked; and
– Stored in accordance with any applicable
manufacturer instructions.
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
Respirators must be inspected as follows:
– All respirators used in routine situations shall be
inspected before each use and during cleaning;
– All respirators maintained for use in emergency
situations shall be inspected at least monthly and in
accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations, and shall be checked for proper
function before and after each use; and
– Emergency escape-only respirators shall be
inspected before being carried into the workplace for
use.
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
Respirator inspections must include the
following:
– A check of respirator function, tightness of
connections, and the condition of the various parts;
and
– A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of
deterioration;
– All self-contained breathing apparatus shall be
inspected monthly.;
– All regulators and warning devices must function
properly.
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
For respirators maintained for emergency use,
the following must be completed:
– Certify the respirator by documenting the date the
inspection was performed, the name (or signature) of
the person who made the inspection, the findings,
required remedial action, and a serial number or other
means of identifying the inspected respirator; and
– Provide this information on a tag or label that is
attached to the storage compartment for the
respirator, is kept with the respirator, or is included in
inspection reports stored as paper or electronic files.
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Maintenance and Care of
Respirators
Any respirator that fails an inspection or is
otherwise found to be defective must be
removed from service, and discarded or repaired
or adjusted in accordance with the following
procedures:
– Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made
only by trained and authorized persons;
– Repairs shall be made according to the
manufacturer's recommendations and specifications;
and
– Reducing and admission valves, regulators, and
alarms shall be adjusted or repaired only by the
manufacturer or a technician trained by the
manufacturer.
29 CFR 1910.134(h)
Breathing Air Quality and Use
All compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid
air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration must
meet the following specifications:
– Compressed and liquid oxygen shall be medical or
breathing oxygen; and
– Compressed breathing air shall meet at least the
requirements for Type 1-Grade D breathing.
– Oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5% must be
used only in equipment designed for oxygen service
or distribution.
29 CFR 1910.134(i)
Breathing Air Quality and Use
– Cylinders used to supply breathing air to
respirators must meet the following
requirements:
Cylinders are tested and maintained as prescribed
in the Shipping Container Specification
Regulations of the Department of Transportation;
Cylinders of purchased breathing air have a
certificate of analysis from the supplier that the
breathing air meets the requirements for Type
1--Grade D breathing air; and
The moisture content in the cylinder does not
exceed a dew point of -500 F (-45.60 C) at 1
atmosphere pressure.
29 CFR 1910.134(i)
Breathing Air Quality and Use
Compressors used to supply breathing air to
respirators must be constructed and situated so
as to:
– Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air-supply
system;
– Minimize moisture content so that the dew point at 1
atmosphere pressure is 10oF (5.56o C) below the
ambient temperature;
– Have suitable in-line air-purifying sorbent beds and
filters to further ensure breathing air quality.
– Have a tag containing the most recent change date
and the signature of the person authorized by the
employer to perform the change. The tag shall be
maintained at the compressor.
29 CFR 1910.134(i)
Breathing Air Quality and Use
Compressors used to supply breathing air to
respirators must be constructed and situated so
as to:
– For compressors that are not oil-lubricated, carbon
monoxide levels in the breathing air can not exceed 10
ppm.
– For oil-lubricated compressors, a high-temperature or
carbon monoxide alarm, or both must be used to monitor
carbon monoxide levels.
– All breathing air couplings must be incompatible with
outlets for nonrespirable worksite air or other gas systems.
– All breathing gas containers must be marked in
accordance with the NIOSH respirator certification
standard.
29 CFR 1910.134(i)
Identification of Filters,
Cartridges, and Canisters
All filters, cartridges and canisters used in the
workplace must be and remain labeled and color
coded with the NIOSH approval label.
29 CFR 1910.134(j)
Training and Information
Employees required to use a respirator must
receive comprehensive, understandable, and
annual training prior to using a respirator in the
work place.
29 CFR 1910.134(k)
Training and Information
Training must cover at least the following:
– Why the respirator is necessary and the dangers of
improper fit, usage, or maintenance;
– What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator
are;
– How to use the respirator effectively in emergency
situations;
– How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check
the seals of the respirator;
– What the procedures are for maintenance and
storage of the respirator;
– How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that
may limit the effective use of respirators; and
– The general requirements of this section.
29 CFR 1910.134(k)
Training and Information
Retraining shall be administered annually, and
when the following situations occur:
– Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator
render previous training obsolete;
– Inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of
the respirator indicate that the employee has not
retained the requisite understanding or skill; or
– Any other situation arises in which retraining appears
necessary to ensure safe respirator use.
29 CFR 1910.134(k)
Training and Information
The basic advisory information on respirators, as
presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be
provided by the employer in any written or oral
format, to employees who wear respirators when
such use is not required by this program.
29 CFR 1910.134(k)
Program Evaluation
Evaluations will be conducted of the workplace
as necessary to ensure that the provisions of the
current written program are being effectively
implemented and that it continues to be
effective.
29 CFR 1910.134(l)
Recordkeeping
Records of medical evaluations required by this
program must be retained and made available in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
29 CFR 1910.134(m)
Recordkeeping
A record will be established of the qualitative
and quantitative fit tests administered to an
employee including:
– The name or identification of the employee tested;
– Type of fit test performed;
– Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator
tested;
– Date of test; and
– The pass/fail results for QLFTs or the fit factor and
strip chart recording or other recording of the test
results for QNFTs.
– Fit test records shall be retained for respirator users
until the next fit test is administered.
Protective Work Clothing and
Equipment
Where a hazard is present or is likely to be
present from skin or eye contact with chromium
(VI);
– Provide appropriate personal protective clothing and
equipment at no cost to employees, and
– Ensure that employees use such clothing and
equipment.
29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
Removal and Storage
All protective clothing and equipment
contaminated with chromium (VI) must be:
– Removed at the end of the work shift or at the
completion of their tasks, whichever comes first;
– Stored and transported in sealed, properly labeled,
impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable
containers.
29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
Removal and Storage
No employees may remove chromium (VI)contaminated protective clothing or equipment
from the workplace, except for those employees
whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain, or
dispose of such clothing or equipment.
29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
Cleaning and Replacement
All protective clothing and equipment required
by this section shall be cleaned, laundered,
repaired and replaced as needed to maintain its
effectiveness.
The removal of chromium (VI) from protective
clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or
any other means that disperses chromium (VI)
into the air or onto an employee's body is
prohibited.
29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
Hygiene Areas and Practices
Where protective clothing and equipment is
required, the employer shall provide change
rooms.
– Separate storage for contaminated and clean clothes
Where skin contact with chromium (VI) occurs,
the employer shall provide washing facilities:
– Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the
worksite and shall be so equipped as to enable
employees to remove such substances. MUST BE
WATER BASED CLEANING SYSTEM.
– Washing facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary
condition.
– Use of these facilities when necessary shall be
enforced.
29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
Eating and Drinking Areas
Eating and drinking areas and surfaces must be
maintained as free as practicable of chromium
(VI).
Employees must not enter eating and drinking
areas with protective work clothing or equipment
unless surface chromium (VI) has been
removed.
29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
Prohibited Activities
Employees must not eat, drink, smoke, chew
tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in areas
where skin or eye contact with chromium (VI)
occurs; or
Carry the products associated with these
activities, or store such products in these areas.
29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
Medical Surveillance
Medical surveillance must be made available at
no cost to the employee, and at a reasonable
time and place, for all employees:
– Who are or may be occupationally exposed to
chromium (VI) at or above the action level for 30 or
more days a year;
– Experiencing signs or symptoms associated with
chromium (VI) exposure; or
– Exposed in an emergency.
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
Medical Surveillance
Medical examination provided:
– Within 30 days after initial assignment, a Physician or
other Licensed Health Care Professional’s (PLHCP's)
written recommendation, or exposure during an
emergency;
– Annually;
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
Medical Surveillance
Medical examination provided:
– Whenever there are signs or symptoms of the
adverse health effects;
– At the termination of employment, unless the last
examination that satisfied the requirements of
paragraph (i) of this section was less than six months
prior to the date of termination.
Medical Surveillance
A medical examination consists of:
– A medical and work history;
– A physical examination of the skin and respiratory
tract.
The employer shall obtain a written medical
opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
Information to PLHCP
1. Copy of standard
2. Description of employee’s duties of exposure
3. Employee’s former, current and anticipated
levels of exposure
4. PPE used and duration of use
5. Information from records of employment –
related medical examinations
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
PLHCP’s Written Medical Opinion
A medical examination consists of:
–
–
A medical and work history;
A physical examination of the skin and respiratory
tract.
The employer shall obtain a written medical
opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
PLHCP’s Written Medical Opinion
Employer shall obtain written opinion within 30
days containing:
– Any detected conditions placing employee at
increased risk of material impairment from Cr+6
exposure
– Limitations of exposure or use of PPE
– Statement that Physician or other Licensed Health
Care Professional’s (PLHCP’s) explained results of
exam to employee
Employer shall provide copy to employee within
2 weeks
29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
Communication of Hazards
The employer shall ensure that each employee
can demonstrate knowledge of at least the
following:
– The contents of this section; and
– The purpose and a description of the medical
surveillance program.
29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
Communication of Hazards
29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
– (1) Employers shall provide employees with effective
information and training on hazardous chemicals in
their work area at the time of their initial assignment,
and whenever a new physical or health hazard the
employees have not previously been trained about is
introduced into their work area.
– Information and training may be designed to cover
categories of hazards (e.g., flammability,
carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemicalspecific information must always be available through
labels and material safety data sheets.
29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
Communication of Hazards
29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
– (2) "Information." Employees shall be
informed of:
(i) The requirements of this section;
(ii) Any operations in their work area where
hazardous chemicals are present; and,
(iii) The location and availability of the written
hazard communication program, including the
required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and
material safety data sheets required by this
section.
29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
Communication of Hazards
29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
– (3) "Training." Employee training shall include at least:
(i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the
presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work
area;
(ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the
work area;
29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
Communication of Hazards
29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
– (3) "Training." Employee training shall include at least:
(iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves
from these hazards, including specific procedures the
employer has implemented to protect employees from
exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work
practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective
equipment to be used; and,
(iv) The details of the hazard communication program
developed by the employer, including an explanation of the
labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how
employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard
information.
Recordkeeping
Record to include at least the following information:
– The date of measurement;
– The operation involved;
– Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their
accuracy;
– Number, duration, and the results of samples taken;
– Type of personal protective equipment used; and
– Name, social security number, and job classification of all
employees represented by the monitoring, indicating which
employees were actually monitored.
Each employee exposure record shall be preserved and
maintained for at least thirty (30) years.
29 CFR 1926.1126(k)
Dates
For employers with 20 or more employees, all
obligations of this section, except engineering controls
required by paragraph (e) of this section, commence
November 27, 2006.
For employers with 19 or fewer employees, all
obligations of this section, except engineering controls
required by paragraph (e) of this section, commence
May 30, 2007.
For all employers, engineering controls required by
paragraph (e) of this section shall be implemented no
later than May 31, 2010.
29 CFR 1926.1126(l)
Hexavalent Chromium
General Industry Changes
General Industry - Regulated Areas
The employer shall establish a regulated area
wherever an employee’s exposure to airborne
concentrations of chromium (VI) is, or can
reasonably be expected to be, in excess of the
PEL.
The employer shall ensure that regulated areas
are demarcated from the rest of the workplace in
a manner that adequately establishes and alerts
employees of the boundaries of the regulated
area.
General Industry - Regulated Areas
The employer shall limit access to regulated
areas to:
– Persons authorized by the employer and required by
work duties to be present in the regulated area;
– Any person entering such an area as a designated
representative of employees for the purpose of
exercising the right to observe monitoring procedures
under paragraph (d) of this section; or
– Any person authorized by the Occupational Safety
and Health Act or regulations issued under it to be in
a regulated area.
General Industry - Housekeeping
The employer shall ensure that:
– All surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of
accumulations of chromium (VI).
– All spills and releases of chromium (VI) containing material are
cleaned up promptly.
The employer shall ensure that surfaces contaminated
with chromium (VI) are cleaned by HEPA-filter
vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood
of exposure to chromium (VI).
Dry shoveling, dry sweeping, and dry brushing may be
used only where HEPA-filtered vacuuming or other
methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to
chromium (VI) have been tried and found not to be
effective.
General Industry - Housekeeping
The employer shall not allow compressed air to
be used to remove chromium (VI) from any
surface unless:
– The compressed air is used in conjunction with a
ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud
created by the compressed air; or
– No alternative method is feasible.
The employer shall ensure that cleaning
equipment is handled in a manner that
minimizes the reentry of chromium (VI) into the
workplace.
General Industry - Housekeeping
– The employer shall ensure that:
Waste, scrap, debris, and any other materials
contaminated with chromium (VI) and consigned
for disposal are collected and disposed of in
sealed, impermeable bags or other closed,
impermeable containers.
Bags or containers of waste, scrap, debris, and
any other materials contaminated with chromium
(VI) that are consigned for disposal are labeled in
accordance with the requirements of the Hazard
Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.
Training Techniques
Safety and Health
Education/Training
S&H education - being able to apply that
knowledge to any given situation.
S&H training - avoiding the safety and health
hazards for that task.
Example
A contractor is digging a trench to install new
underground piping.
– He instructs his employees to dig the trench 7 foot
deep and 3 feet wide.
– He also instructs the employees to slope it back
1½ horizontal to 1 vertical.
Example
New excavation is being started:
– Training –
Either he must re-instruct all employees; or
They will always slope the trench 1½ horizontal to 1 vertical.
– Education –
Employees know:
– The hazards of excavations;
– How to determine the type of soil;
– The different types of protective systems available; and
– How to implement those protective systems.
Types of Safety Training
“Documentable” safety training is training that:
– Follows a course of action;
– Evaluates the students knowledge of the information;
and
– Is documented by the employer, with Instructor Name,
Date, Topic, Student Name, and Method of Evaluation
Types of Safety Training
“Non-Documentable” safety training is training
that:
– May or may not follow a course of action;
– Does NOT evaluate the students knowledge of the
information; and
– May or may not be fully documented
The Very Beginning
You’ve just been asked to give a
presentation. Get organized early and
ask some important questions.
Who,
When,
Where,
Facilities
What
WHO?
The contact for the presentation his/her phone
number
Who is to receive the training or presentation?
Is attendance mandatory?
How do the participants typically dress?
When?
What is the date of the presentation?
What time of day is the presentation?
Where?
Where is the location of the presentation?
Get directions if needed.
Facilities
Is the facility large enough with proper seating
arrangements
Can the room be darkened for slides or
overheads?
What equipment is available (overhead
projector, flip chart, white board, microphone
and power point).
Who will provide the technical assistance if
audio and visual equipment fails?
What?
What is the agenda for the event?
What is the specific subject matter being
requested?
What achievements are required through the
presentation?
Find Out About Your
Audience
•What will your audience expect to gain from
your presentation?
•Will your Presentation satisfy a need, solve a
problem, or provide information?
General
Purpose
Specific Purpose
Inform
At the end of this presentation, the audience will
have a greater understanding of information and
it’s impact on their work
Persuade
At the end of this presentation, the audience will
comply with requirements of the program and or
topic.
Entertain
At the end of this presentation, the audience will
be more receptive to all aspects of the
information.
Remember!
Your audience may impact the content of
your presentation.
Ask yourself: What do you want your
audience to “walk away with” or
“remember” at the end of your
presentation?
Designing the Presentation
Establish the objectives
– Are you going to train or educate
– What do you what them to learn
– How will you ensure they understand
Planning and Organizing your
Material
Planning Your Material
–
–
–
–
Do not wait to prepare your presentation.
Limit your content to the main points.
Try to make five key supporting points.
Understand your audience (level of understanding,
participation, and friendliness).
– Keep the presentation entertaining (not necessarily
funny, but not pre-packaged).
– Select appropriate visual aids
Planning and Organizing your
Material
Organizing Your Material
– The average adult must be told
three times before he or she
remembers the information.
– Report, reinforce, review
Using Visual Aids
Retention of information
– Retention three days
after a meeting is upto 6
times greater when both
visual and oral
communications is used.
– 83% of human learning
occurs visually and the
rest is through the other
senses.
70
60
50
Oral
Visual
Oral and Visual
40
30
20
10
0
LEVEL OF RETENTION
Using Visual Aids
Visual presentations
– Flip Charts
– Overhead Transparencies
– Posters
– Pictures
– Video Tapes
– Demonstrations*
Designing the Presentation
Testing the Design of Your Presentation
– Practice your program.
Know what you are going to say.
Understand the concepts
Understand the information.
Understand the equipment.
– Have your program continuously reviewed by both an
educated and non-educated person.
– Utilize your resources.
– Do not instruct tooooooooooooo long.
The Instructor
Insure the instructor can conduct the
program.
Make the program fit the audience and not
the instructor.
Realize that not just anyone can be a
GOOD instructor.
The Presentation
Advance Work
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Seating arrangements
Equipment
Materials
Light Controls
Electrical outlets
Temperature controls
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Physical obstructions
Restrooms
Telephones
Snack/dining facilities
Contact for information
or emergency
Introductions
Self
Next Speaker
Films
Demonstrations
Use all assets
Stories
Quotations
Life experiences
Court Decisions
Statistics
Answering Questions
Listen to your audience’s questions and
comments first before thinking of a
response.
UNDERSTAND the Question or
Comments before you respond.
Types of Questions
How to Respond
A person may:
Need clarification
Give an example
Ask a technical
question
Ask an anticipatory
question
Answer simply and briefly
Go on a tangent
Misunderstand
Need convincing
Give simple answer, or explain that you
will be providing that detail later in the
presentation
Be tactful, and gear the person back to
topic
Be tactful, take blame, correct
misunderstanding
Give more supporting ideas, or revisit
original supporting ideas
Types of Questions
How to Respond
Zinger – dilemma A
Don’t get boxed into the “dilemma or
or B
corner” not an either/or situation, say so
Zinger – pick a fight Don’t fall into their trap, person wants
destroy your credibility, keep calm,
firmly acknowledge differences, or find
the part of the hostile question/comment
you can build on
Zinger –question
Don’t speak/respond for something
about someone
outside your control or responsibility
else/area
responsibility
Before You Answer Any
Questions
Make eye contact with the person
Focus on the person asking the question
Move towards the person
Repeat the question so the rest of the
audience can hear the question
Build a rapport and say
– “That’s a good question”
– “I’m glad you asked that”
Answering the Question
Make eye contact with the broad audience
Answer the question clearly and briefly
If appropriate, ask “Did I answer your
question” or “Does that help”
Remember:
Don’t be afraid to say “I don’t know the
answer, but I will find the answer and get back
with you”
Get back to them with the answer
“don’t forget”
Be prepared for:
Personality Clashes
Overly Talkative participants
Rambling participants
Obstinate participants
Non-participants
Side Conversations
Training Preparation
Commit yourself
Analyze you audience
Prepare
Think sight and sound
Practice
Deliver
Training Do’s and Don’ts
Training Do’s
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Be prepared
Have a positive attitude
Expect to be nervous
Dress appropriately
Show enthusiasm
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Talk up
Be responsive
Be accessible
Be flexible
Be punctual
Training Do’s and Don’ts
Training Don’ts
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Try to wing it
Be stiff
Engage in distracting mannerisms
Avoid eye contact
Lose control
Embarrass participants
Be afraid to say you don’t know
Remember!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What you hear, you forget;
What you hear and see, you remember;
But what you do, you understand and
remember.