C H A P T E R
8
Moral
Development,
Values,
& Religion
“It is one of the beautiful compensations
in this life that no one can sincerely try to
help another without helping himself.”
— Charles Dudley Warner
American Essayist, 19th Century
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2
Moral Development
•
Moral development involves
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
regarding standards of right and
wrong.
1. How do adolescents reason or think
about rules for ethical conduct?
2. How do adolescents actually behave
in moral circumstances?
3. How do adolescents feel about moral
matters?
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Moral Thought
• Piaget
– Heteronomous Morality
– Autonomous Morality
– Immanent Justice
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Moral Thought
• Piagetian
– Cognitive disequilibrium theory
– Adolescents recognize that their set of
beliefs is one of many.
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Moral Thought
• Kohlberg
– Preconventional Reasoning
• Heteronomous morality
• Individualism, instrumental purpose, and
exchange
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Moral Thought
• Kohlberg
– Conventional Reasoning
• Mutual interpersonal expectations,
relationships, interpersonal conformity
• Social systems morality
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Moral Thought
• Kohlberg
– Postconventional Reasoning
• Social contract or utility and individual
rights
• Universal ethical principles
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Moral Thought
• Influences on the Kohlberg Stages
– Modeling
– Peer Relations
• Why Is Kohlberg’s Theory Important?
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9
Moral Thought
• Kohlberg’s Critics
– Moral Thought & Moral Behavior
– Assessment of Moral Reasoning
– Culture & Moral Development
– Gender & the Care Perspective
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Moral Thought
Actual Moral Dilemmas Generated by Adolescents
Fig. 8.4
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Moral Thought
• Social-conventional reasoning
focuses on thoughts about social
consensus and convention.
• Moral reasoning emphasizes ethical
issues.
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12
Moral Behavior
• Basic Processes
– Reinforcement
– Punishment
– Imitation
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13
Moral Behavior
• Social Cognitive Theory
– Moral competence: The ability to
produce moral behaviors.
– Moral performance: Performing those
behaviors in specific situations.
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14
Moral Behavior
• Prosocial Behavior
– Altruism: Unselfish interest in helping
another person.
– Forgiveness: Occurs when an injured
person releases the injurer from
possible retaliation.
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15
Moral Feeling
• Psychoanalytic Theory
– Ego ideal: The component of the
superego that involves standards
approved by the parents.
– Conscience: The component of the
superego that involves behaviors
disapproved by the parents.
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Moral Feeling
• Empathy
– Reacting to another’s feelings with an
emotional response that is similar to the
other’s response.
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Moral Feeling
• Contemporary perspective
• Personality
• Moral Identity
• Moral Character
• Moral Exemplars
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Contexts of Moral Development
• Parenting
– Discipline
• Love Withdrawal
• Power Assertion
• Induction
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Parenting Moral Children and
Adolescents
• Parents of moral children and
adolescents:
– Are warm
– Use inductive discipline
– Involve children in family decisions
– Model moral behavior
– Foster an internal sense of morality
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20
Schools
• The Hidden Curriculum
• Character Education
• Values Clarification
• Cognitive Moral Education
• Service Learning
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21
Values, Religion, and Cults
• Values
– Beliefs and attitudes about the way
things should be.
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22
Values
Changing Freshman Life Goals
Fig. 8.5
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Religion
• The Positive Role of Religion in
•
Adolescents’ Lives
Developmental Changes
• “Religion enlightens, terrifies, subdues; it
gives faith, inflicts remorse, inspires
resolution, and inflames devotion”
– Henry Newman
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24
Religion
• Fowler’s Theory
– Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective
– Stage 2: Mythical-Literal
– Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional
– Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective
– Stage 5: Conjunctive
– Stage 6: Universalizing
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25
Religion
• Religious Indoctrination and
Parenting
• Religiousness and Sexuality in
Adolescence
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26
Cults
• What is the difference between a cult
•
•
•
and a church?
Who Joins Them?
Phase of Life
Potential for Abuse
Illustration copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission.
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27
Taking it to the Net
• For more information on material
covered in this chapter, visit our
Online Learning Center:
http:www.mhhe.com/santrocka11
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