Sitan Wei
Zhiyuan Lu
Zhongmin Shi
Yang Yang
Xiaowei Song
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction to WAP
WAE and WAP Gateway
WML Introduction and Implementation
WMLScript and Dynamic WML Page
WAP Solution-Success,Challenges, Future
Part 1: Introduction to WAP
• What is WAP?
• WAP Overview
• WAP protocol layer
What is WAP?
• The Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) is
an open, global specification that empowers
mobile users with wireless devices to easily
access and interact with information and
services instantly.
• Composed by a set of communication
protocol.
WAP Overview
• What type of devices will use WAP?
Handheld digital wireless devices such as mobile
phones, pagers, two-way radios, smartphones and
communicators -- from low-end to high-end.
WAP Device Manufacturers
Which Wireless Networks Does
WAP Work With?
WAP is designed to work with most wireless
networks such as CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS,
TDMA, FLEX, ReFLEX, iDEN, TETRA, DECT,
DataTAC, Mobitex.
WAP Wireless Operators
WAP Software Companies
SOFTLINE
CCL
WAP Example
• http://www.mobilewap.com/mobile/index.html
WAP Features
•
•
•
•
Low bandwidth
Long latency
Small screen size
Mobile client
Why WAP?
• WAP enables any data transport
--TCP/IP,UDP/IP,GUTS,SMS or USSD
• WAP utilizes standard Internet markup
language technology (XML)
• The WML UI components map well onto
existing mobile phone user interface
• WAP utilizes plain Web HTTP1.1 servers
WAP Protocol Stack
WAP Layers
• WAE:main interfaces to the client devices and specify a
markup language, a scripting language, and a telephony
interface.
• WSP:provide connection-based services to the application
layer
• WTLS:optional layer which consists of description devices
• WTP WDP and Bearer Service:They provide reliable
transmission of WSP data packets between the client and
server over a wireless link.
Part 2: WAP Application Environment
and WAP Gateway
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Architecture
WAP Gateway
WML and WMLScript
Content Formats
Current Development
WAE Overview
•
•
•
•
For network applications
On small, narrowband devices
High degree of interoperability
WAE defines basics:
– For WAP user agents
– For WAP gateways.
• WAE contains:
– WML and WMLScript specifications
– Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI)
WAE Abstract Network
Architecture
WSP/HTTP Request {URL}
Client
Gateway
Network
Application
WSP/HTTP Reply {Content}
How It Works
Static file or CGI
Output WML
7
2
3
Request
Encrypted URL
Request
Client
Etc.
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Encoder,Decoder
WMLScript
WTAI
Web Server
WAP Gateway
WML
Response
Encrypted WML
Content
4
HTTP Request
xxx wml
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
HTTP Response
xxx wml
6
5
WAP
HTTP
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
1
Application Example
Why Do I Need a WAP Gateway?
• Unable connect directly from current WAP
devices to web servers.
• Speak a different language between WAP
Devices and the Web Servers
• An extra server to handle translation
– WAP Gateway, or WAP Proxy
WAP Gateway
• Provides a link between a mobile network and Internet
• Converts the 'WAP' request into a 'Web' request
• Converts the 'Web' response into a 'WAP' response
WAP Gateway (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
A particular piece of software located on a server
Handles incoming requests from your WAP phone.
Compiling the WML pages into bytecode (WMLC)
Reduce the size and number of packets
Provide hosting capabilities themselves
– For dynamic Web applications
– determine more about your target client's request
• Provide transaction security
WML
• Tag-based browsing language:
– Screen management (text, images)
– Data input (text, selection lists, etc.)
– Hyperlinks & navigation support
• W3C XML-based language
• Inherits technology from HDML and
HTML
WMLScript
• Scripting language:
– Procedural logic, loops, conditionals, etc.
– Optimized for small-memory, small-cpu
devices
• Derived from JavaScript™
• Integrated with WML
– Powerful extension mechanism
– Reduces overall network traffic
Content Formats
• Common interchange formats
• Promoting interoperability
• Formats:
–
–
–
–
Business cards: IMC vCard standard
Calendar: IMC vCalendar standard
Images: WBMP (Wireless BitMaP)
Compiled WML, WMLScript (Wmlc, Wmlcs)
Content Format Example
Example Use of an Image:
Image Element
<WML>
<CARD>
Hello World!<BR/>
<IMG SRC=“/world.wbmp”
ALT=“[Globe]” />
</CARD>
</WML>
Current Development
• Push Model
– Alerts or service indications
– Pre-caching of data
http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/eeng/library/prowap.htm
• User Agent Profiles (UAProf)
– Goal: content personalization
– Working with W3C on CC/PP
– Efficient transport over wireless links, caching
http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-CCPP/
Part 3: WML Introduction and
Implementation
- Make and display WML page
How to Make WML page
• 1. Write your own code
– Write code directly
– From a CGI script
• 2. Convert from HTML
• 3. Visual tools
Write your own code
WML Example
Header
Navigatio
n
Variable
Select
Elements
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“#eCard”/>
</DO>
Welcome!
</CARD>
<CARD NAME=“eCard”>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“/submit?N=$(N)&S=$(S)”/>
</DO>
Enter name: <INPUT KEY=“N”/>
Choose speed:
<SELECT KEY=“S”>
<OPTION VALUE=“0”>Fast</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE=“1”>Slow</OPTION>
<SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
Card1
Deck
Card2
Write your own code
WML Elements
• Deck/Card
wml
Elements
card
template
head
access
meta
Do
ontimer
onenterbackward
onpick
onevent
postfield
onenterforward
Go
prev
efresh
noop
select
option
optgroup
•Event Elements
•Tasks
•Variables
Setvar
•User input
Input
fieldset
•Anchors, Images, and Timers
a
anchor
img
timer
p
table
tr
•Text Formatting
br
td
Write your own code
Defining the Navigation Path
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT" LABEL="Next">
<GO URL="#card2"/>
</DO>
Dalhousie<BR/>Directory
</CARD>
<CARD NAME="card2">
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<GO URL="?send=$type"/>
</DO>
Services
<SELECT KEY="type">
<OPTION VALUE="em">1.Email</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="ph">2.Phone</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="fx">3.Fax</OPTION>
</SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
Dalhousie
Directory
_____________
Next
Services
1. Email
2. Phone
3. Fax
OK
.
Write your own code
The SELECT Element
• Display a list of options
– Each option may set the KEY variable
and/or bind a task to the ACCEPT key
– TITLE= dynamically sets the label string
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT" LABEL=“Find">
<GO URL="getcity.cgi?location=$city"/>
</DO>
Forecast
<SELECT KEY="city">
<OPTION VALUE="ber">Berlin</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="rom">Rome</OPTION>
<OPTION TITLE="Find" ONCLICK="find.cgi">New
</SELECT>
</CARD>
Forecast
1 Berlin
2 Rome
3 New City
____________
Find
City</OPTION>
Write your own code
The TEMPLATE Element
• Defines actions & events for all cards in a deck
<WML>
<TEMPLATE>
<DO TYPE="OPTIONS" LABEL="Main">
<GO URL="main_menu.wml"/>
</DO>
</TEMPLATE>
<CARD NAME="msg1">
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT" LABEL="Next">
<GO URL="#msg2"/>
</DO>
First story
</CARD>
<CARD NAME="msg2">
Second story
</CARD>
</WML>
First story
…
_____________
Next
Main
Second story
...
_____________
OK
Main
Write your own code
Add Image
• <img src=“logo.wbmp" alt=“Logo"/>
• WBMP File Generator
– JPG, GIF,BMP -> WBMP
– http://amazingvb.latinaddress.com
Converting HTML to WML
• How
– translates non-complex HTML documents in to
WML
– tag-by-tag processing and discard all incompatible
tags and contents
• Significance
– Dramatically accelerates wireless content
development by using abundant HTML resources
Converting HTML to WML
Server Based Converter
– Zygo: http://wap.z-y-g-o.com
• embedded in the Apache web server via the mod_perl
mechanism.
• For internal use.
• Download:
http://wap.z-y-g-o.com/tools/zygo-html2wml.zip
• installing the .pm file in the $APACHEROOT/Zygo/
directory and modify Apache httpd.conf file.
• The best option of web sites
• Enable server error messages to be displayed in handset
• Enable Billions of HTML pages, the major resource of
Internet, to be shared by wireless device.
Converting HTML to WML
User-based Converter
• WapTools: http://www.argogroup.com
Visual Tools
• to develop wireless applications using only
point-and-click and drag-and-drop approach
– DotWAP 1.0
• http://www.inetis.com/english/solutions_dotwap.htm
– XYBO v1.4
• http://www.xybo.com/
– MobileDev 2.0
• http://mobiledev.speedware.com/
Visual Tools Example
How to Display WML Pages
• PDA or Cell phone
• Emulator
• SmartPhone Emulator Developer Edition 1.2
– http://www.yospace.com
• WinWAP v3.0 PRO
– http://www.slobtrot.com/winwap/
• M3Gate
– http://www.m3gate.com/
Online Test
• online utility for code errors, common
mistakes, and valid links
– The Wireless Internet Lab of
www.AnywhereYouGo.com
Embedded Browser
• YoSpace JavaBean Edition 1.0 & Handset
Manufacturer Support
Put WAP emulation capability into your application software
using the SmartPhone as a JavaBean
• 5NINE
–an open source development project for creating a WML
Browser to work with all types of Linux environments.
–make wireless device an attractive alternative for hard-ware
manufacturers.
Standard Java Classes for WAP
• develop and debug WAP programs with
standard Java development tools
– Waba SDK and VM
• http://www.wabasoft.com
– UP.SDK 4.2
• http://developer.openwave.com
Part 4: WMLScript &
Dynamic WML Page
What Is WMLScript
• WMLScript is the client-side scripting
language used for WML pages
• WMLScript is based on ECMAScript, like
JavaScript
• WML scripts are not embedded in the WML
pages, they are sent separately.
What Is WMLScript Used for ?
• WMLScript is used to calculate or validate
user input
• WMLScript is used to generate message
boxes and dialog boxes locally
• WMLScript is used to access facilities of the
user agent
WMLScript Example
WML source file (check.wml)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml
_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="no1" title="Go to URL">
<do type="options" label="Go">
<go
href="check.wmls#go_url(‘$(url)')"/>
</do>
<p> Enter a URL: <input type="text"
name="url"/> </p>
</card>
</wml>
WMLScript source file
(check.wmls)
extern function go_url (url)
{
if (String.find(url,"http://") < 0)
{
url="http://"+url;
}
WMLBrowser.go(the_url);
}
WMLScript File
• WMLScript source files (*.wmls)
• For WML browser or WML simulator
• WMLScript compiled files (*.wmlsc)
• For WAP device
– Stored on server
– Compiled by WAP gateway automatically
WMLScript Interpreter
Standard Libraries
• Lang Library (WMLScript language core)
• E.g. min(), max(), exit(), abort(), random(), seed()
• Float Library (arithmetic floating-point functions)
• E.g. pow(), round(), sqrt()
• String Library (string functions)
• E.g. length(), trim(), charAt(), subString(), find(), replace()
Standard Libraries (cont.)
• URL Library (handling both absolute and relative
URL)
• E.g. isValid(), getHost(), getPort(), getParameters(),
getQuery()
• Browser Library (access the associated WML
context)
• E.g. getVar(), setVar(), go(), prev(), refresh()
• Dialogs Library (user interface functions)
• E.g. prompt(), confirm(), and alert()
WMLScript vs. JavaScript
WMLScript
– Used for WML
– No objects & array
– Support library
– Separate file (*.wmls)
– Support compiled file
JavaScript
– Used for HTML
– Support objects &
array
– No library
– Embedded in HTML
file
– No compiled file
Dynamic WML Page
• Server Side Tools
– CGI
• Perl
• C/C++
– ASP
– JSP
– Java Servlet
Perl Example
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-Type: text/vnd.wap.wml\n";
print "\n";
print "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
print "<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC \"-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN\" \n"
print "\"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml\">\n"
print "<wml>\n<card id=\"index\" title=\"index\">\n"
print "<p>Hello everyone</p>\n"
print "</card>\n</wml>"
Web Server Configuration
Apache Server
httpd.conf
#WML MIME Type
AddType
AddType
AddType
AddType
AddType
text/vnd.wap.wml
application/vnd.wap.wmlc
text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
image/vnd.wap.wbmp
.wml
.wmlc
.wmls
.wmlsc
.wbmp
Part 5: WAP Solutions
• Success
• Challenges
• Future
Available Wireless Services
•
•
•
•
Voice
SMS – Short Message Service
Data (over voice)
WAP – simplistic and expensive
Attractions of WAP
• WAP combines two of the fastest growing
industries: wireless and the Internet IP
• WAP is an attempt to define the standard for how
content from the Internet is filtered for mobile
communications
• WAP is developed to make readily available
content from the Internet easily available to
mobile terminals
WAP: Scalable and Comprehensive
•
•
•
•
Any mobile phone
Any existing or planned wireless service
Any mobile network standard
Multiple input terminals
Fast Growing of WAP
• WAP Forum Limited
• Over 450 members
device manufacturers
network operators
SMS center suppliers
SMS software suppliers
• Other vendors
WAP: Major Achievements
• Reduces resources and enriches the
functionality of the network
• Generates additional traffic on the
network and revenue
• Facilitates migration of applications
between networks and bearers
WAP Achievement: Examples
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Web browsing
WAP email
WAP conference
WAP search
Document sharing
Collaborative working
Still images
WAP Promises: Examples
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Moving images
Home automation
Job dispatch
Remote point of sale
Customer service
Remote monitoring (Meters)
Vehicle positioning
Remote LAN access
File transfer
WAP: Challenges - Commercial
• End-to-end security
• Client identification
• Encryption/Authentication
WAP Challenges - Network
•
•
•
•
Less bandwidth (300 bps to 9600 bps)
More latency
Less connection stability
Less predictive availability
WAP Challenges - Usability
•
•
•
•
Screen size
Advanced applications
Data input
Integration with voice
WAP Challenges - Legal Issues
• Privacy: Location information
• Eavesdropping
WAP: Detractors and Controversies
•
•
•
•
•
Difficult to configure for new services
Unlikely in a long time-few mobile phones support
WAP standard is incomplete
WAP gateway vendors competing against each other
Other protocols already widely supported or designed
to supercede WAP
• WAP services be expensive
• Example of doubt on WAP’s future
http://www.infoworld.com/
New Era of Wireless
•
•
•
•
Next release of WAP
WSG work area
WTLS services
WDP datagram protocol
Competition for WAP
• Subscriber identity module (SIM) toolkit
• Windows CE
• JavaPhone™
Reference
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.sce.carleton.ca/wmc/chameleon/wapdoc/wapintro.html
http://www.iec.org/tutorials/wap/topic04.html
http://www.anywhereyougo.com/wap/Article.po?type=WAP_Tutorial&page=7402
http://www.tenetindia.com/Wap/whatswap/Faq/Faq.asp
http://www.tenetindia.com/Wap/Resources/Software/Software.asp?choice=Resources
http://www.123wapinfo.com/softwares/
http://allnetdevices.com/faq/?faqredir=yes
http://www.palowireless.com/wap/
http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/eeng/library/eeng_wapexpo.htm
http://www9.org/w9cdrom/228/228.html
?
WAP or NOT WAP