Biotope descriptions (Draft 5)
A summary of the Baltic EUNIS Level 2-6 biotopes discussed by the Biotope Experts of the HELCOM Red List
Project (HELCOM RED LIST BIOTOPES)
Authors;
Jouni Leinikki, Alleco Ltd.
Johan Näslund, Aquabiota Water Research
DRAFT-VERSION November 2013 Iida Autio
1
Definitions
Baltic Sea Basins
Kattegat, the Sound, Belt Sea, Baltic Proper, Gulf of Riga, Gulf of Finland, Åland Sea,
Archipelago Sea, Bothnian Sea, Quark, Bothnian Bay.
Coarse sediment
Subsrtate is gravel or small pebble, grain size 2.0 - 63 mm according to ISO 14688-1
standard
ISO 14688-1
A standard that establishes the basic principles for the identification and
classification of soils on the basis of those material and mass characteristics most
commonly used for soils for engineering purposes. It is applicable to natural soils in
situ, similar man-made materials in situ and soils redeposited by man
Muddy sediment
Subsrtate is clay, silt or mud, also when mixed with sand or coarse sediment
Sand
Substrate is pure sand, typically mobile and with ripple marks. Grain size is 0.2 - 2.0
mm according to ISO 14688-1 standard
Rock and Boulders
Subsrtate is crystalline or soft rock or immobile boulders that plants cannot
penetrate with their roots or rhizoida. The type includes also cobbles and artificial
hard substrata. Grain size is larger than 63 mm according to ISO 14688-1 standard.
Wave exposure
Salinity
Epibenthic fauna
Semi-sessile or sessile faunal species living on the benthos. Mobile species are not
included in the split rules.
Nectobenthic
Swimming directly above the botton.
Summary of advise by the WG
2) All draft descriptions of all classes.
3.15 The Meeting pointed out the importance to work from higher levels to lower levels in such a way that the
threats will be cumulative, i.e. all threats presented for higher levels will be compiled for the lower level
classes.
3.16 The Meeting proposed including photos to the descriptions but pointed out that there should be a
number of photos or video footage on the habitats/biotopes from different sub-basins included for each
habitat/biotope and hence they could be compiled into a separate database and linked to the HELCOM
webpage.
3.17 The Meeting stressed the importance for checking that all necessary physical information (salinity,
exposure) and their minimum and maximum will be included into the descriptions even if they are not
descriptive criteria.
3.18 The Meeting discussed threats and sensitivity, decided to include additional rows to describe and
document in text e.g. the sensitivity and threats sections and proposed adding management considerations
2
into the descriptions in order to advice policy makers. The Meeting stressed the importance for including all
necessary pressures, using a list from EEA and ensuring that all pressures addressed by the Habitats and
Marine Strategy Framework Directive will be included. The Meeting took note of the information by the
Secretariat that this information should be used as a basis for proposing further measures for protecting
these biotopes to the HELCOM 2013 Ministerial Meeting.
3.19 The Meeting proposed providing the linkages to the national classifications with assistance from
national experts.
3.20 The Meeting proposed adding to the descriptions information on whether the classes have been defined
based on data or expert judgment.
3.26 The Meeting took note of the information that German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation is
carrying out a project on the biotope boundaries between ecologically meaningful substrate types and
welcomed the information that the study provides inter alia information how the various types of substrates
and grain sizes affect infaunal communities and biotopes. The Meeting proposed to use the outcome of the
project as a basis for defining the substrates in further detail.
3.27 The Meeting also took note of a proposal to use MARBIPP criteria for substrate division and decided
that definitions should be drafted by the Project Coordinator together with the consultants using as a basis
the outcome of the German study and MARBIPP and other possible sources and sent for comments to the
project participants by the mid August and the final descriptions be prepared for submission to the next
workshop of HELCOM RED LIST BIOTOPES.
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Contents
Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Summary of advise by the WG .......................................................................................................................... 2
Level 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
A–The Baltic Sea .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Level 2 habitats................................................................................................................................................ 22
AA–Baltic photic benthos ............................................................................................................................ 22
AB–Baltic aphotic benthos .......................................................................................................................... 23
AC–Baltic Sea seasonal ice........................................................................................................................... 24
AD–Baltic Sea photic pelagic ....................................................................................................................... 25
AE–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic ...................................................................................................................... 26
Level 3 habitats................................................................................................................................................ 27
AA.A–Baltic photic rock and boulders ......................................................................................................... 27
AA.B–Baltic photic hard clay........................................................................................................................ 28
AA.C–Baltic photic marl (marlstone rock) ................................................................................................... 29
AA.D–Baltic photic maërl beds .................................................................................................................... 30
AA.E–Baltic photic shell gravel .................................................................................................................... 31
AA.F–Baltic photic ferromanganese concretion bottoms ........................................................................... 32
AA.G–Baltic photic peat bottoms ................................................................................................................ 33
AA.H–Baltic photic muddy sediment........................................................................................................... 34
AA.I–Baltic photic coarse sediment ............................................................................................................. 35
AA.J–Baltic photic sand................................................................................................................................ 36
AA.K–Baltic photic hard anthropogenically created substrates .................................................................. 37
AA.L–Baltic photic soft anthropogenically created substrates ................................................................... 38
AA.M–Baltic photic mixed substrate ........................................................................................................... 39
4
AB.A–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders ....................................................................................................... 40
AB.B–Baltic aphotic hard clay ...................................................................................................................... 41
AB.C–Baltic aphotic marl (marlstone rock) ................................................................................................. 42
AB.D–Baltic aphotic maërl beds .................................................................................................................. 43
AB.E–Baltic aphotic shell gravel .................................................................................................................. 44
AB.F–Baltic aphotic ferromanganese concretion bottoms ......................................................................... 45
AB.G–Baltic aphotic peat bottoms .............................................................................................................. 46
AB.H–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment ......................................................................................................... 47
AB.I–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment ........................................................................................................... 48
AB.L–Baltic aphotic sand ............................................................................................................................. 49
AB.K–Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates ........................................................................ 50
AB.L–Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates ......................................................................... 51
AB.M–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate ......................................................................................................... 52
AD.N–Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline ......................................................................................... 53
AE.N–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline ........................................................................................ 54
AE.O–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline ........................................................................................ 55
Level 4 biotopes............................................................................................................................................... 56
AA.A1–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ......... 56
AA.A2–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
..................................................................................................................................................................... 58
AA.A4–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ...................... 59
AA.B1–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ....................... 60
AA.B2–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ............ 61
AA.B4–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures .................................... 62
AA.E1–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures .................... 63
AA.E2–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures......... 64
AA.E3–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures ........................ 65
5
AA.E4–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ................................. 66
AA.H1–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures .......... 67
AA.H3–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures .............. 68
AA.H4–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ....................... 69
AA.I1–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ............ 70
AA.I2–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures . 71
AA.I3–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures................. 72
AA.I4–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures.......................... 73
AA.J1–Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ............................... 74
AA.J3–Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures ................................... 75
AA.J4–Baltic photic sand characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ............................................ 76
AA.M1–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ........... 77
AA.M2–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures 78
AA.M4–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ........................ 79
AB.A1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures......... 80
AB.A2–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
AB.A4–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures...................... 82
AB.B1–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures...................... 83
AB.B2–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures .......... 84
AB.B4–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures................................... 85
AB.E1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures .................. 86
AB.E2–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ....... 87
AB.E3–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures ...................... 88
AB.E4–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ............................... 89
AB.H1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ......... 90
AB.H2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
..................................................................................................................................................................... 91
6
AB.H3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures ............. 92
AB.H4–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures...................... 93
AB.I1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ........... 94
AB.I3–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures ............... 95
AB.I4–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures ........................ 96
AB.J1–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures.............................. 97
AB.J3– Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic nfaunal biotic structures ................................. 98
AB.J4–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures........................................... 99
AB.M1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures ....... 100
AB.M2–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
................................................................................................................................................................... 101
AB.M4–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures .................... 102
AD.N5–Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline oxic .............................................................................. 103
AE.N5–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline oxic............................................................................. 104
AE.N6–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline anoxic ......................................................................... 105
AE.O5–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline oxic............................................................................. 106
AE.O6–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline anoxic......................................................................... 107
Level 5 biotopes............................................................................................................................................. 108
AA.A1C–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by perennial algae ............................................. 108
AA.A1D–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by aquatic moss ................................................. 110
AA.A1E–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves ....................................... 111
AA.A1F–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates .................................... 112
AA.A1G–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians ................................... 113
AA.A1H–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa) .............. 114
AA.A1I–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustaceans .................................. 115
AA.A1J–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)........................ 116
AA.A1R–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by soft crustose algae ........................................ 117
7
AA.A1S–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by annual algae .................................................. 118
AA.A1V–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ............. 119
AA.A2T–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ............ 120
AA.A2W–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing
snails .......................................................................................................................................................... 121
AA.A4U–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity .................................... 122
AA.B1E–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves ...................................................... 123
AA.B1V–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ........................... 124
AA.B2T–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ........................... 125
AA.B4U–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity ................................................... 126
AA.E1C–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by perennial algae ......................................................... 127
AA.E1E–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic bivalves................................................... 128
AA.E1F–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordates................................................ 129
AA.E1V–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ........................ 130
AA.E2T–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity........................ 131
AA.E3X–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in coarse and wellsorted shells and shell fragments .............................................................................................................. 132
AA.E3Y–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like shell
fragments .................................................................................................................................................. 133
AA.E4U–Baltic photic shell gravel without characteristic epibenthic communities ................................. 134
AA.H1A–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by emergent vegetation ...................................... 135
AA.H1B–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants ............................... 136
AA.H1E–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves ......................................... 137
AA.H1K–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes .................................. 138
AA.H1Q–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial
vegetation .................................................................................................................................................. 139
AA.H1S–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by annual algae .................................................... 140
AA.H1V–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity .............. 141
AA.H3L–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves ............................................. 142
8
AA.H3M–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes ..................................... 143
AA.H3N–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans ...................................... 144
AA.H3O–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms .................................... 145
AA.H3P–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae...................................... 146
AA.H4U–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no macrocommunity ...................................... 147
AA.I1A–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by emergent vegetation ........................................ 148
AA.I1B–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants ................................. 149
AA.I1C–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by perennial algae ................................................. 150
AA.I1D–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by aquatic moss .................................................... 151
AA.I1E–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves ........................................... 152
AA.I1Q–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial
vegetation .................................................................................................................................................. 153
AA.I1S–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by annual algae ...................................................... 154
AA.I1V–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ................ 155
AA.I2T–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ................ 156
AA.I2W–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails
................................................................................................................................................................... 157
AA.I3L–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves................................................ 158
AA.I3M–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes ....................................... 159
AA.I3N–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans ........................................ 160
AA.I3O–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms ...................................... 161
AA.I3P–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae ........................................ 162
AA.I4U–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity ........................................ 163
AA.J1A–Baltic photic sand characterized by emergent vegetation........................................................... 164
AA.J1B–Baltic photic sand characterized by submerged rooted plants .................................................... 165
AA.J1E–Baltic photic sand characterized by epibenthic bivalves .............................................................. 166
AA.J1Q–Baltic photic sand characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation... 167
AA.J1S–Baltic photic sand characterized by annual algae ......................................................................... 168
9
AA.J1V–Baltic photic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ................................... 169
AA.J3L–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves .................................................................. 170
AA.J3M–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes .......................................................... 171
AA.J3N–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal crustacea ............................................................... 172
AA.J3P–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae .......................................................... 173
AA.J4U–Baltic photic sand characterized by no macrocommunity........................................................... 174
AA.M1A–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by emergent vegetation ...................................... 175
AA.M1B–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by submerged rooted plants ............................... 176
AA.M1C–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by perennial algae ............................................... 177
AA.M1D–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by aquatic moss ................................................... 178
AA.M1E–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves ......................................... 179
AA.M1F–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic chordates ...................................... 180
AA.M1G–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic cnidarians ..................................... 181
AA.M1H–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa) ................ 182
AA.M1I–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic crustacea ........................................ 183
AA.M1J–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera) ......................... 184
AA.M1Q–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial
vegetation .................................................................................................................................................. 185
AA.M1R–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by soft crustose algae .......................................... 186
AA.M1S–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by annual algae .................................................... 187
AA.M1V–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ............... 188
AA.M2W–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails
................................................................................................................................................................... 189
AA.M2T– Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ............. 190
AA.M4U– Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity ..................................... 191
AB.A1E–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves ...................................... 192
AB.A1F–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates................................... 193
AB.A1G–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians.................................. 194
10
AB.A1H–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa) ............ 195
AB.A1I–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea .................................... 196
AB.A1J–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges ...................................... 197
AB.A1V–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ............ 198
AB.A2T–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ........... 199
AB.A4U–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity .................................. 200
AB.B1E–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves .................................................... 201
AB.B1V–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ......................... 202
AB.B2T–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity ......................... 203
AB.B4U–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity ................................................. 204
AB.E1E–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic bivalves ................................................. 205
AB.E1F–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordates .............................................. 206
AB.E1V–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy. ..................... 207
AB.E2T–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy. ..................... 208
AB.E3X–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in coarse and well
sorted shells and shell fragments .............................................................................................................. 209
AB.E3Y–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like
shell fragments .......................................................................................................................................... 210
AB.E4U–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no macrocommunity.............................................. 211
AB.H1E - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves ...................................... 212
AB.H1G - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic cnidarians .................................. 213
AB.H1I - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic crustacea..................................... 214
AB.H1K - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes ................................ 215
AB.H1V–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy ............ 216
AB.H2T–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy. ........... 217
AB.H3L–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves............................................ 218
AB.H3M–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes ................................... 219
AB.H3N–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans .................................... 220
11
AB.H3O–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms................................... 221
AB.H3P–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae .................................... 222
AB.H4U–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no macrocommunity .................................... 223
AB.I1E–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves ......................................... 224
AB.I1V–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy ............... 225
AB.I3L–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves .............................................. 226
AB.I3M–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes ..................................... 227
AB.I3N–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans....................................... 228
AB.I4U–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity ...................................... 229
AB.J1E–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by epibenthic bivalves ............................................................ 230
AB.J1V–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy ................................. 231
AB.J3L–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves ................................................................ 232
AB.J3M–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes ........................................................ 233
AB.J3N–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal crustacea ............................................................. 234
AB.J3P–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae ......................................................... 235
AB.J4U Baltic aphotic sand characterized by no macrocommunity .......................................................... 236
AB.M1E–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves........................................ 237
AB.M1F–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic chordates..................................... 238
AB.M1G–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic cnidarians ................................... 239
AB.M1H–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa) .............. 240
AB.M1I–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic crustacea ...................................... 241
AB.M1J–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic sponges ........................................ 242
AB.M1V–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity ............. 243
AB.M2T–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic fauna ................................ 244
AB.M4U–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity .................................... 245
Level 6 biotopes............................................................................................................................................. 246
AA.A1C1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp. ........................................................ 246
12
AA.A1C2–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae
................................................................................................................................................................... 247
AA.A1C3–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial foliose red algae .............................. 248
AA.A1C4– Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by kelp ................................................................. 249
AA.A1C5–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae ........................... 250
AA.A1E1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Mytilidae ......................................................... 251
AA.A1E2–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) ............ 252
AA.A1F1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea) .................................. 253
AA.A1G1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa) ........................................... 254
AA.A1H1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta) . 255
AA.A1H2 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae) .......... 256
AA.A1I1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae) ....................................... 257
AA.B1E1–Baltic photic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae ........................................................................ 258
AA.E1C4–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by kelp ............................................................................. 259
AA.E1E1–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae ..................................................................... 260
AA.E1F1–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) ................................ 261
AA.H1A1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis) ............... 262
AA.H1A2–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by sedges (Cyperaceae)..................................... 263
AA.H1B1–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or
Stuckenia pectinata) .................................................................................................................................. 264
AA.H1B2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or
Zostera noltii .............................................................................................................................................. 265
AA.H1B3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or
Myriophyllum sibiricum) ............................................................................................................................ 266
AA.H1B4–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Charales ............................................................ 267
AA.H1B5–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by spiny naiad (Najas marina) ............................... 268
AA.H1B6–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp. ................................................ 269
AA.H1B7–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina) .................. 270
AA.H1B8–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by spikerush (Eleocharis spp.) ............................... 271
13
AA.H1E1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Mytilidae ........................................................... 272
AA.H1E2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) ............. 273
AA.H1E3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by valve snails (Valvata spp.) ................................. 274
AA.H1K1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by tube-building polychaetes ................................ 275
AA.H1Q1–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical
form) .......................................................................................................................................................... 276
AA.H1Q2–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf
form) .......................................................................................................................................................... 277
AA.H1Q3–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis
................................................................................................................................................................... 278
AA.H1Q4 - Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached hornwort
(Ceratophyllum demersum) ....................................................................................................................... 279
AA.H1Q5–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable unattached aggregations of lake ball (Aegagropila
linnaei) ....................................................................................................................................................... 280
AA.J1S3–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by Vaucheria spp. ............................................................... 281
AA.H3L1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) ......................... 282
AA.H3L3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) ...................... 283
AA.H3L6–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Unionidae .......................................................... 284
AA.H3L8–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Abra spp. ........................................................... 285
AA.H3M3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Marenzelleria spp. ........................................... 286
AA.H3M5–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes .................. 287
AA.H3N1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Monoporeia affinis ........................................... 288
AA.H3N2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by mud shrimps (Corophiidae) .............................. 289
AA.H3P1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae) ........................... 290
AA.H4U1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by meiofauna ........................................................ 291
AA.I1A1–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by common reed (Phragmites australis) ............. 292
AA.I1A2–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sedges (Cyperaceae) ....................................... 293
AA.I1B1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or
Stuckenia pectinata ................................................................................................................................... 294
14
AA.I1B2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera
noltii ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
AA.I1B4 –Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Charales ............................................................. 296
AA.I1B6–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp. .................................................. 297
AA.I1B7–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina) .................... 298
AA.I1C1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Fucus spp............................................................. 300
AA.I1C2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae 301
AA.I1C3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial foliose red algae ................................. 302
AA.I1C4–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by kelp ..................................................................... 303
AA.I1C5–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial filamentous algae ............................... 304
AA.I1E1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Mytilidae ............................................................. 305
AA.I1Q1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.
(typical form) ............................................................................................................................................. 306
AA.I1Q2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.
(dwarf form) .............................................................................................................................................. 307
AA.I1Q3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria
lumbricalis ................................................................................................................................................. 308
AA.I1S2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus ..... 309
AA.I3L10–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma
calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp. ................................................................................... 310
AA.I3L11–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including
Ophelia spp. ............................................................................................................................................... 311
AA.I3N3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)............ 312
AA.J1A1–Baltic photic sand dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis) .................................... 313
AA.J1A2–Baltic photic sand dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae) .............................................................. 314
AA.J1B1–Baltic photic sand dominated by pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia
pectinata) .................................................................................................................................................. 315
AA.J1B2–Baltic photic sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii .. 316
AA.J1B3–Baltic photic sand dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or Myriophyllum
sibiricum) ................................................................................................................................................... 317
AA.J1B4–Baltic photic sand dominated by Charales ................................................................................. 318
15
AA.J1B5–Baltic photic sand dominated by spiny naiad (Najas marina) .................................................... 319
AA.J1B6–Baltic photic sand dominated by Ranunculus spp. ..................................................................... 320
AA.J1B7–Baltic photic sand dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina)....................................... 321
AA.J1B8–Baltic photic sand dominated by spikerush (Eleocharis spp.) .................................................... 323
AA.J1E1–Baltic photic sand dominated by Mytilidae ................................................................................ 324
AA.J1Q1–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form) 325
AA.J1Q2–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form) 326
AA.J1Q3–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis ... 327
AA.J1S2–Baltic photic sand dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus ....................... 328
AA.J1S3–Baltic photic sand dominated by Vaucheria spp. ....................................................................... 329
AA.J3L1–Baltic photic sand dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) .............................................. 330
AA.J3L2–Baltic photic sand dominated by cockles (Cerastoderma spp.) .................................................. 331
AA.J3L3–Baltic photic sand dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) ........................................... 332
AA.J3L4–Baltic photic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya arenaria) .................................................... 333
AA.J3L9 - Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya
arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica ............................................................... 334
AA.J3L10–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya
truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp. ........................................................................................................... 335
AA.J3L11–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp.
and Travisia forbesii................................................................................................................................... 336
AA.J3M2–Baltic photic sand dominated by lugworms (Arenicola marina) ............................................... 337
AA.J3M4–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygiospio elegans,
Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor.............................................................................................. 338
AA.J3N3–Baltic photic sand dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa) .............................. 339
AA.J3P1–Baltic photic sand dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae) ................................................ 340
AA.M1A1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis) ............... 341
AA.M1A2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae) ......................................... 342
AA.M1B1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or
Stuckenia pectinata). ................................................................................................................................. 343
16
AA.M1B2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or
Zostera noltii .............................................................................................................................................. 344
AA.M1B3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or
Myriophyllum sibiricum) ............................................................................................................................ 345
AA.M1B4–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Charales............................................................. 346
AA.M1B7–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina) .................. 347
AA.M1C1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Fucus spp. .......................................................... 348
AA.M1C2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae
................................................................................................................................................................... 349
AA.M1C3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by foliose red algae ................................................ 350
AA.M1C4 - Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by kelp ................................................................... 351
AA.M1C5–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial filamentous algae ............................. 352
AA.M1E1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Mytilidae ........................................................... 353
AA.M1E2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) .............. 354
AA.M1F1 - Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea) .................................... 355
AA.M1G1– Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa) ............................................. 356
AA.M1H1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta) .... 357
AA.M1H2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra foliacea) ............... 358
AA.M1I1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by barnacles (Balanidae) ......................................... 359
AA.M1Q1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus
spp.(typical form) ...................................................................................................................................... 360
AA.M1Q2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.
(dwarf form) .............................................................................................................................................. 361
AA.M1Q3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria
lumbricalis ................................................................................................................................................. 362
AA.M1Q4–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached rigid
hornwort(Ceratophyllum demersum) ....................................................................................................... 363
AA.M1S1 Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by filamentous annual algae ................................... 364
AA.M1S2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus algae
................................................................................................................................................................... 365
AB.A1E1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by Mytilidae ........................................................ 366
17
AB.A1F1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)................................. 367
AB.A1G1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa) ......................................... 368
AB.A1G2– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea anemones (Actiniarida) ......................... 369
AB.A1G3–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by stone corals (Scleractinida) ........................... 370
AB.A1G4–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea) ................................ 371
AB.A1H1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta) 372
AB.A1H2–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae) ......... 373
AB.A1I1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae) .................................... 374
AB.B1E1–Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae ...................................................................... 375
AB.B1E4–Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Astarte spp ................................................................... 376
AB.E1E1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae ................................................................... 377
AB.E1F1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) .............................. 378
AB.H1E1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Mytilidae ......................................................... 379
AB.H1I2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Haploops spp. ................................................... 380
AB.H1K1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by various tube-building polychaetes.................. 381
AB.H2T1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by sea pens .......................................................... 382
AB.H3L1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) ....................... 383
AB.H3L3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) .................... 384
AB.H3L5–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Astarte spp. ..................................................... 385
AB.H3M1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger ........................ 386
AB.H3M3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Marenzelleria spp. ......................................... 387
AB.H3M6–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes ................ 388
AB.H3N1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata
................................................................................................................................................................... 389
AB.H3O1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Amphiura filiformis ......................................... 390
AB.H3O2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei......... 391
AB.H3P1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae) ......................... 392
18
AB.H4U1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by meiofauna....................................................... 393
AB.H4U2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by anaerobic organisms ...................................... 394
AB.I1E1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by Mytilidae ........................................................... 395
AB.I3L10–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma
calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp. ................................................................................... 396
AB.I3L11–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including
Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii.............................................................................................................. 397
AB.I3N3–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa) .......... 398
AB.I4U1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by meiofauna ......................................................... 399
AB.J1E1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Mytilidae .............................................................................. 400
AB.J2K7–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus (Chamelea gallina) ........................................ 401
AB.J3L1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) ............................................ 402
AB. J3L3–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) ........................................ 403
AB. J3L4–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya arenaria) .................................................. 404
AB.J3L7–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus (Chamelea gallina)......................................... 405
AB.J3L9–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya
arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica ............................................................... 406
AB.J3L10–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya
truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp. ........................................................................................................... 407
AB.J3L11–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp
and Travisia forbesii................................................................................................................................... 408
AB.J3M4–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygospio elegans,
Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor .............................................................................................. 409
AB.J3N1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon .......................... 410
AB.J3P1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae) .............................................. 411
AB.J4U1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by meiofauna ........................................................................... 412
AB.M1E1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by Mytilidae.......................................................... 413
AB.M1F1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea) ................................... 414
AB.M1G1– Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa) ........................................... 415
AB.M1G2 –Baltic aphotic mixed substrates dominated by sea anemones (Actiniaria) ............................ 416
19
AB.M1G3–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by stone corals (Scleractinida) ............................. 417
AB.M1G4– Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea) ................................. 418
AB.M1H1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated corticated moss animals (Electra crustulenta) .... 419
AB.M1H2 –Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae) .......... 420
AB.M1I1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by barnacles (Balanidae) ....................................... 421
20
Level 1
Code – Name
A–The Baltic Sea
Name
The Baltic Sea
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
The whole Baltic Sea
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: All
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
21
Level 2 habitats
Code – Name
AA–Baltic photic benthos
Name
Baltic photic benthos
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
The vertical zone in which the amount of light is sufficient for photosynthesis.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: usually from 0 to at least 15
meters. Varies also naturally with water turbidity.
Characteristic species
Algae and higher plants
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Secchi depth multiplied by 2.5. Due to temporal variation of water turbidity, the
depth should represent a long-term growth season average. The presence of
foliose vegetation can also be used with other indicators.
Quality descriptors
The depth of the photic zone usually correlates with water quality
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Increased turbidity caused by eutrophication and resuspended sediments.
HELCOM 1998:
2. Benthic marine biotopes
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A Marine habitats
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
22
Code – Name
AB–Baltic aphotic benthos
Name
Baltic aphotic benthos
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
The vertical zone below which the amount of light is not sufficient for
photosynthesis.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: Typically more exposed areas; Depth range:
usually deeper than 15 meters.
Characteristic species
Macrozoobenthos
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
The area deeper than Secchi depth multiplied by 2.5. Due to temporal variation
of water turbidity, the depth should represent a long-term growth season
average. The absence of foliose vegetation can also be used with other
indicators.
Quality descriptors
High abundance and diversity (“high” is dependent on Sea area) of
macrozoobenthos indicates good environmental status.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Oxygen depletion caused by increased organic sedimentation. Locally dredging
and dumping of dredge spoil, poisonous effluents, bottom trawling.
HELCOM 1998:
2. Benthic marine biotopes
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A Marine habitats
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
23
Code – Name
AC–Baltic Sea seasonal ice
Name
Batic Sea seasonal ice
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Climate change
EUNIS 2012:
A8 Ice-associated marine habitats
A8.1 Sea ice
A8.11 Seasonal pack-ice
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/474
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
24
Code – Name
AD–Baltic Sea photic pelagic
Name
Baltic Sea photic pelagic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: usually from 0 to 80 meters.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.1 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
25
Code – Nam
AE–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: usually from 80 meters.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea, Baltic Proper
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.2 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.2 Below the halocline
HELCOM 2007
Offshore (deep) waters below the halocline
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, The Northern
Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The Southern
Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little
Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
26
Level 3 habitats
Code – Name
AA.A–Baltic photic rock and boulders
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: more common in exposed areas; Depth range:
photic zone - more common in the shallow.
Characteristic species
Attached algae and animals.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders and/or stones of more than
63 mm in diameter within the photic zone.
Quality descriptors
The amount of opportunistic algae species
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Decreased light penetration and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication.
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.3 Hydrolittoral (Fig. 42)
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
27
Code
AA.B–Baltic photic hard clay
Name
Baltic photic hard clay
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone
Characteristic species
Barnea candida, Mytilus spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone bottoms of hard clay
Quality descriptors
Loose sediment covering the seabed will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
28
Code
AA.C–Baltic photic marl (marlstone rock)
Name
Baltic photic marl (marlstone rock)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of marl (marlstone
rock).
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone bottoms of marlstone rock
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Around Gotland, likely to occur in German and Danish Baltic Sea waters
(Kattegat, Belt Sea, Baltic Proper).
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
29
Code
AA.D–Baltic photic maërl beds
Name
Baltic photic maërl beds
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of maerl
(unattached particles of coralline red algae).
Physical environment
Salinity range: High; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone
Characteristic species
Lithothamnion spp. and Phymatolithon spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone beds of unattached particles of coralline red algae (maximum
diameter ≈5cm) in gravel and sand. Areas where maerl occur are generally well
ventilated with low levels of turbidity at depths of 17-22 m. Maerlbeds have a
patchy distribution.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Kattegatt; Lilla Middelgrund and Fladen
Anthropogenic threats
Extraction mining, ocean acidification, offshore wind-farms, destructive fishing
methods and eutrophication causing increased turbidity
HELCOM 2007
Maerl beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- Kattegat
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.51 Maerl beds
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5437
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Maerl beds
- habitat occurs in the OSPAR region II (including Kattegat) but is not
listed threatened and/or in decline in this region
30
Code
AA.E–Baltic photic shell gravel
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel
Physical environment
Salinity range: down to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
Photic zone
Characteristic species
Saccharina latissima. Due to the large variety of interstitial space, inhabited by
very specialized fauna, for example Amphioxus spp. (HELCOM 1998)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Up to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf
of Finland
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay,
Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2288
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
31
Code
AA.F–Baltic photic ferromanganese concretion bottoms
Name
Baltic photic ferromanganese concretion bottoms
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of FeMn
concretions
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone down from 10
meters
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas covered by ferromanganese concretions.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Gulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller
occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Exploitation for industrial use
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
32
Code
AA.G–Baltic photic peat bottoms
Name
Baltic photic peat bottoms
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of peat bottoms.
Physical environment
Salinity range: (7.5-18 psu); exposure range: All; Depth range: from 0 to ??
Characteristic species
No macrophytes
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Subfossile substrata laid bare by currents or protruding in gullies.
Quality descriptors
Size of area
Geographic range
Southern Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, construction, eutrophication, other pollution, coastal defense
HELCOM 1998:
2.11 Peat bottoms
2.11.1 Sublittoral peat bottoms
2.11.2 Hydrolittoral peat bottoms
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
AA.J Baltic photic sand
33
Code
AA.H–Baltic photic muddy sediment
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm).
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Phanerogams, Charales, mobile epifauna, infauna
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with muddy sediment, such as soft clay, silt or mud. This
includes mixed sediments where clay and/or mud are mixed with sand or gravel.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
34
Code
AA.I–Baltic photic coarse sediment
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Phanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Decreased light penetration depth caused by eutrophication, dredging, extraction
mining
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5678
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
35
Code
AA.J–Baltic photic sand
Name
Baltic photic sand
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Phanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with pure sand, often characterized by ripple marks. Sediment
must contain less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and at least 70 %
of grain size 63 µm–2 mm.
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the sand will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5425
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
36
Code
AA.K–Baltic photic hard anthropogenically created
substrates
Name
Baltic photic hard anthropogenically created substrates
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic
origin. Hard substrate dominates.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic
zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
All bottoms of which at least 90 % is physically modified by man. Includes
underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Not relevant
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
37
Code
AA.L–Baltic photic soft anthropogenically created substrates
Name
Baltic photic soft anthropogenically created substrates
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic
origin. Soft substrate dominates.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic
zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
All bottoms of which at least 90 % is physically modified by man. Includes
underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Not relevant
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
38
Code
AA.M–Baltic photic mixed substrate
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone
Characteristic species
Attached algae, phanerogams, Charales, sessile and mobile epifauna, infauna
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas which form a mosaic of both hard and soft substrata
Quality descriptors
The amount of opportunistic algae species
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Decreased light penetration depth caused by eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5435
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
39
Code
AB.A–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in the shallow.
Characteristic species
Blue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), barnacles (Balanidae)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders and/or stones of more than
63 mm in diameter within the aphotic zone
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
40
Code
AB.B–Baltic aphotic hard clay
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone bottoms of hard clay
Quality descriptors
Sensitivity
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
41
Code
AB.C–Baltic aphotic marl (marlstone rock)
Name
Baltic aphotic marl (marlstone rock)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of marl (marlstone
rock).
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone bottoms of marlstone rock
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Around Gotland, likely to occur in German and Danish Baltic Sea waters
(Kattegat, Belt Sea, Baltic Proper).
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1Soft rock bottoms
2.1.1.1Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
42
Code
AB.D–Baltic aphotic maërl beds
Name
Baltic aphotic maërl beds
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual
description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of maerl (unattached
particles of coralline red algae).
Physical
environment
Salinity range: High; Exposure range: all; Depth range: aphotic zone
Characteristic
species
Lithothamnion spp. and Phymatolithon spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat
delineation,
identification,
similar types)
Photic zone beds of unattached particles of coralline red algae particles (maximum
diameter ≈5cm) in gravel and sand. Areas where maerl occur are generally well
ventilated with low levels of turbidity at depths of 17-22 m. Maerlbeds have a patchy
distribution.
Quality
descriptors
Geographic range
Kattegatt; Lilla Middelgrund and Fladen
Anthropogenic
threats
Extraction mining, ocean acidification, offshore wind-farms, destructive fishing
methods and eutrophication causing increased turbidity
HELCOM 2007
Maerl beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- Kattegat
Correspondence
with other
classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.51 Maerl beds
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5437
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Maerl beds
- habitat occurs in the OSPAR region II (including Kattegat) but is not listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
Habitat types
generally
associated in the
field
43
Code
AB.E–Baltic aphotic shell gravel
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments.
Quality descriptors
Sensitivity
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, ,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
44
Code
AB.F–Baltic aphotic ferromanganese concretion bottoms
Name
Baltic aphotic ferromanganese concretion bottoms
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of FeMn
concretions
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas covered by ferromanganese concretions
Quality descriptors
Sensitivity
Geographic range
Gulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller
occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Exploitation for industrial use
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
45
Code
AB.G–Baltic aphotic peat bottoms
Name
Baltic aphotic peat bottoms
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of peat bottoms
Physical environment
Salinity range: 7.5-18 psu; exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone
Characteristic species
No macrophytes
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Subfossile substrata laid bare by currents.
Quality descriptors
Size of area
Geographic range
Southern Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, construction, eutrophication, other pollution, coastal defense
HELCOM 1998:
2.11 Peat bottoms
2.11.1 Sublittoral peat bottoms
2.11.2 Hydrolittoral peat bottoms
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
46
Code
AB.H–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm).
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Macoma balthica, Marenzelleria spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
47
Code
AB.I–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment
Name
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse
sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm),
and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of
the combined gravel and sand fraction
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in the shallow.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.4Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
48
Code
AB.L–Baltic aphotic sand
Name
Baltic aphotic sand
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in the shallow.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
49
Code
AB.K–Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates
Name
Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic
origin. Hard substrates dominate.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range
aphotic zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
All bottoms of which at least 90 % is modified by man. Includes underwater
constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Not relevant
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
50
Code
AB.L–Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates
Name
Baltic aphotic anthropogenically created substrates
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic
origin. Soft substrates dominate.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range
aphotic zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
All bottoms of which at least 90 % is modified by man. Includes underwater
constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Not relevant
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
51
Code
AB.M–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common on elevations.
Characteristic species
Blue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas which form a mosaic of both hard and soft substrata
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
52
Code
AD.N–Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline
Name
Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range:
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.1 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
53
Code
AE.N–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range:
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.1 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
54
Code
AE.O–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: >12 psu; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below the permanent
halocline which is usually at 60-80 m
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.1 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.2 Below the halocline
HELCOM 2007:
Offshore (deep) waters below the halocline
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot Riga, The Northern
Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The
Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel
Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
55
Level 4 biotopes
Code
AA.A1–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. At least 10 % coverage of macroscopic
vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna?
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, More common in exposed areas; Depth
range: Photic zone - more common in shallow areas.
Characteristic species
Cladophora spp., Ceramium spp., Laminaria sp., Fucus sp., Furcellaria lumbricalis,
Polysiphonia fucoides, Aegogrophila linnaei, Fontinalis sp. Ascidiaceae, Electra
crustulenta, Flustra foliacea, Balanidae, Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna cover at least 10 % of
the substrata. In areas of low salinity, the dominating species can be plants with
their roots between and their canopy spreading over the boulders.
Quality descriptors
Lower limit, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
56
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
57
Code
AA.A2–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. 0><10 % coverage of macroscopic
vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: more common in exposed areas; Depth range:
the deepest part of the photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with coverage of rock and boulders at least 90 %. Macroscopic vegetation
or sessile macroscopic epifauna cover 0><10% of the substrata at any time of the
year.
Quality descriptors
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Increased sedimentation caused my eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
58
Code
AA.A4–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or
infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: more common in exposed areas; Depth range:
the deepest part of the photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with coverage of rock and boulders at least 90 %. No macrovegetation, no
macro- epi- or infauna present.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
59
Code
AA.B1–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by macroscopic
epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna cover ≥10 % of the
substrate.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
60
Code
AA.B2–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. 0><10
% coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.3.2.1 Bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
61
Code
AA.B4–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No
macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.3.2.1 Bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
62
Code
AA.E1–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel;
coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is at least 10
%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Saccharina latissima, Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus, Ciona intestinalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments. Coverage
of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is at least 10 %.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
South-western Baltic Sea, the Sound
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2288
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
63
Code
AA.E2–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel;
coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: up to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
photic zone
Characteristic species
Due to the large variety of interstitial space, inhabited by very specialized fauna,
for example Amphioxus spp. (HELCOM 1998)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments. Coverage
of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Up to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf
of Finland
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2288
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
64
Code
AA.E3–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel;
macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Only for biotopes occuring in Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic
Sea
Physical environment
Salinity range: up to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
photic zone
Characteristic species
Due to the large variety of interstitial space, inhabited by very specialized fauna,
for example Amphioxus spp. (HELCOM 1998)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments.
Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2288
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
65
Code
AA.E4–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel; no
macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: up to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments. No
macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna present.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2288
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
66
Code
AA.H1–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is
≥10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis, Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Najas
marina, Chara tomentosa, Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp.,
Dreissena polymorpha, Valvata spp
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with muddy sediment, such as soft clay, silt or mud. This
includes mixed sediments where clay and/or mud are mixed with sand or gravel.
Plants rooted or growing loose cover at least 10 % of the substrata. Rooted here
includes roots and rhizoids of i.e. Charales.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
HELCOM 2007
Macrophyte meadows and beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- Bothnian Bay, The Quark, The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea,
Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of
Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound,
Kattegat
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
67
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
Code
AA.H3–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment not characterized by vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: the lowest part of the
photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with muddy sediment, such as soft clay, silt or mud. This
includes mixed sediments where clay and/or mud are mixed with sand or gravel.
Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
68
Code
AA.H4–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: the lowest part of the
photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with muddy sediment, such as soft clay, silt or mud. This
includes mixed sediments where clay and/or mud are mixed with sand or gravel.
No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
A5.3111 Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with
little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2586
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
69
Code
AA.I1–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or
sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Zostera marina, Zannichellia spp., Tolypella nidifica, Fucus spp., Furcellaria
lumbricalis, Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm.
Coverage of vegetation is at least 10 %.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5678
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
70
Code
AA.I2–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or
sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp., Macoma baltica, Bathyporeia pilosa, Hediste diversicolor
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm.
Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
71
Code
AA.I3–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no
macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
72
Code
AA.I4–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or
infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm. No
macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
73
Code
AA.J1–Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic
epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis, Zostera marina, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia
pectinata, Tolypella nidifica, Chara aspera, Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with pure sand, often characterized by ripple marks. Sediment
must contain less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and more than
70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ). Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or
sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the sand will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Macrophyte meadows and beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
- Bothnian Bay, The Quark, The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea,
Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of
Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound,
Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5425
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
74
Code
AA.J3–Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic
infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic sand characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Bathyporeia pilosa, Arenicola marina, Macoma balthica, Mya arenaria, Cyathura
carinata
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with pure sand, often characterized by ripple marks. Sediment
must contain less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and more than
70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ). Macroscopic infauna present, no
macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the sand will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
75
Code
AA.J4–Baltic photic sand characterized by no macroscopic
biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic sand characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No macro- or microvegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with pure sand, often characterized by ripple marks. Sediment
must contain less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and more than
70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ). No macro- or microvegetation, no macroepi- or infauna
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the sand will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
76
Code
AA.M1–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of macroscopic
vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone – more common
in the shallow
Characteristic species
Cladophora spp., Ceramium spp., Laminaria spp., Fucus spp., Furcellaria
lumbricalis, Polysiphonia fucoides, Aegogrophila linnaei, Fontinalis spp., Stuckenia
pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia palustris, Mytilus spp., Modiolus
modiolus, Dreissena polymorpha, Ascidiacea, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula
spp., Laomedea spp, Cordylophora caspia, Electra crustulenta, Flustra foliacea,
Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides,
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type.
Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Lower limit, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5435
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
77
Code
AA.M2–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of macroscopic
vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: the deepest part of the
photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type.
Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
78
Code
AA.M4–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. No macrovegetation, no
macro- epi- or infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: the deepest part of the
photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
79
Code
AB.A1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Coverage of sessile macroscopic
epifauna is≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in the shallow.
Characteristic species
Mytilusspp., Cordylophora caspia, Hydrozoa,Amphibalanus improvisus, Bryozoa,
Porifera, Hydrozoa
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders and/or stones of more than
63 mm in diameter within the aphotic zone. Coverage of sessile macroscopic
epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
HELCOM 1998:
2.1Rocky bottoms
2.1.1Aphotic zone
2.2Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
AB.B1
80
Code
AB.A2–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by
sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Coverage of sessile macroscopic
epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in the deep.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders and/or stones of more than
63 mm in diameter within the aphotic zone. Coverage of sessile macroscopic
epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1Rocky bottoms
2.1.1Aphotic zone
2.2Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
81
Code
AB.A4–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. No macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in the deep.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Areas with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders and/or stones of more than
63 mm in diameter within the aphotic zone. No macro- epi- or infauna
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1Rocky bottoms
2.1.1Aphotic zone
2.2Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
82
Code
AB.B1–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by macroscopic
epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp., Astarte spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Coverage of sessile
macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
83
Code
AB.B2–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas which form a mosaic of both hard and soft substrata.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
84
Code
AB.B4–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No
macro- epi- or infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas which form a mosaic of both hard and soft substrata. No
macro- epi- or infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
85
Code
AB.E1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Coverage of
sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus,Ciona intestinalis, Balanidae, Bryozoa
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Southern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat
Anthropogenic threats
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
86
Code
AB.E2–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by sparse
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Coverage of
sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth is typically ? meters. Appears mostly in high
energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus,Ciona intestinalis, Balanidae, Bryozoa
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Southern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat
Anthropogenic threats
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
87
Code
AB.E3–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic
infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. Only for biotopes
occuring in Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic Sea.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Southern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat
Anthropogenic threats
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
88
Code
AB.E4–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. No macro- epior infauna.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
No macro- epi- or infauna
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Southern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat
Anthropogenic threats
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
89
Code
AB.H1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm). Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Muddy sediment bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10 % coverage of
epibenthic fauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, dredge spoil dumping, poisonous substances
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
90
Code
AB.H2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm). Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Macoma balthica, Saduria entomon, Marenzelleria spp, Monoporeia affinis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Muddy sediment bottoms in the aphotic zone. Coverage of sessile macroscopic
epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, dredge spoil dumping, poisonous substances
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
91
Code
AB.H3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm). Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Muddy sediment bottoms in the aphotic zone. Macroscopic infauna present, no
epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, dredge spoil dumping, poisonous substances
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
92
Code
AB.H4–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm). No macro- epi- or infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Muddy sediment bottoms in the aphotic zone. No macro- epi- or infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Dredging, dredge spoil dumping, poisonous substances
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
93
Code
AB.I1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is
≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp, Hydrozoa, Amphibalanus improvisus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and at least 30 % of grain size
2–63 mm. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Soft sediment covering the coarse sediment will decrease the quality.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
94
Code
AB.I3–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
macroscopic infaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse
sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm),
and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of
the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no
epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Bylgides sarsi
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Coarse sediment has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and at least 30 % of grain size
2–63 mm. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the coarse sediment will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
95
Code
AB.I4–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse
sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm),
and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of
the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- epi- or infauna
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Coarse sediment has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and at least 30 % of grain size
2–63 mm. No macro- epi- or infauna
Quality descriptors
Soft sediment covering the coarse sediment will decrease the quality.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
96
Code
AB.J1–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic
epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: aphotic zone
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Sandy bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction
(<63 µm) and more than 70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ). Coverage of
sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Sand excavation, silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
97
Code
AB.J3– Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic
nfaunal biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by macroscopic nfaunal biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Mya arenaria, Macoma baltica, Arctica islandica, Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria
spp., Hediste diversicolor, Monoporeia affinis, Chironomidae
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Sandy bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction
(<63 µm), and more than 70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ). Macroscopic
infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Sand excavation, silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
98
Code
AB.J4–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by no macroscopic
biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No macro- epi- or infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone - more
common in deeper areas.
Characteristic species
Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Sandy bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction
(<63 µm), and more than 70 % of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm ).No macro- epi- or
infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Sand excavation, silting caused by eutrophication, dredging spoil deposition etc.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
99
Code
AB.M1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic
structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile
macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common on elevations.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp., Cordylophora caspia, Balanus improvisus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
AB.A1
100
Code
AB.M2–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by sparse macroscopic epibenthic
biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile
macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common on elevations.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type.
Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
101
Code
AB.M4–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no
macroscopic biotic structures
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain
substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate
type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. No macro- epi- or
infauna.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone - more
common on elevations.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Aphotic zone areas with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. No
macro- epi- or infauna.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
102
Code
AD.N5–Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline oxic
Name
Baltic Sea photic pelagic above halocline oxic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range:
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.2 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
103
Code
AE.N5–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline oxic
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline oxic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range:
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.2 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
104
Code
AE.N6–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline anoxic
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic above halocline anoxic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range:
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.3 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.1 Above the halocline
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
105
Code
AE.O5–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline oxic
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline oxic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: >12 psu; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below the permanent
halocline which is usually at 60-80 m
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.2 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.2 Below the halocline
HELCOM 2007:
Offshore (deep) waters below the halocline
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot Riga, The Northern
Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The
Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel
Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
106
Code
AE.O6–Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline anoxic
Name
Baltic Sea aphotic pelagic below halocline anoxic
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Physical environment
Salinity range: >12 psu; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below the permanent
halocline which is usually at 60-80 m
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
1.3 Offshore (deep) waters
1.1.2 Below the halocline
HELCOM 2007:
Offshore (deep) waters below the halocline
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot Riga, The Northern
Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The
Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel
Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A7 Pelagic water column
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
107
Level 5 biotopes
Code
AA.A1C–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
perennial algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by perennial algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae cover at least
10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone usually down from about 0.5 meters
Characteristic species
Fucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria
sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp., Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
In areas of low salinity, the dominating species can be plants with their roots
between and their canopy spreading over the boulders. Mapping should take
place during the months when the vegetation is fully developed.
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, especially Fucus spp. where applicable; amount of
epiphytic algae.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
108
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
109
Code
AA.A1D–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
aquatic moss
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by aquatic moss
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial moss cover at least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas;
Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters.
Characteristic species
Fontinalis spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Bothnian Bay to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
110
Code
AA.A1E–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp., Dreissena polymorpha
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna associated with the mussel beds.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
111
Code
AA.A1F–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Salinity range: high salinity areas; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed
areas; Depth range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
sea squirts (Ascidiaceae)
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
112
Code
AA.A1G–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic cnidarians
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
cnidarians cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
hydroids, sea anemones, corals
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
113
Code
AA.A1H–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic moss animals
(Bryozoa)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic moss
animals cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Electra crustulenta, Flustra foliacea
Moss animals can live as epiphytes (e.g. Electra crustulenta on Fucus spp.). In the
BSEUNIS classification epiphytes are considered to be quality descriptors, not
habitat forming.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
114
Code
AA.A1I–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic crustaceans
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Balanidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
115
Code
AA.A1J–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic sponges (Porifera)
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges(Porifera)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ephydatia fluviatilis
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
116
Code
AA.A1R–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
soft crustose algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by soft crustose algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Soft crustose algae cover at least 10% of
the seabed while all perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone - more common in the deepest part of the photic zone.
Characteristic species
Hildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Mapping should take place during the months when the vegetation is fully
developed.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
117
Code
AA.A1S–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
annual algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by annual algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Annual algae cover at least 10% of the
seabed, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.
Characteristic species
Cladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Pilayella littoralis, Ulva spp.
Dictypsiphon spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Mapping should take place during the months when the vegetation is fully
developed. Annual algae can live as epiphytes (e.g. Pilayella/Ectocarpus on Fucus
spp.). In the BSEUNIS classification epiphytes are considered to be quality
descriptors, not habitat forming. Thus this biotope only occurs when annual algae
dominate the substrate and not when they grow on perennial biotic structures.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
118
Code
AA.A1V–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Macroscopic vegetation or sessile
macroscopic epifauna is present but none of them cover more than 10% of the
seabed.
Physical environment
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Mapping should take place during the months when the vegetation is fully
developed.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms dominated by macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
119
Code
AA.A2T–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10% of the seabed is covered
by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa
The biotope is known e.g. from off-shore underwater reefs.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
120
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A2W–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by
microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by microphytobenthic organisms
and grazing snails
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered
by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and
snails dominate.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Snails, e.g. Hydrobia spp., Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Theodoxus fluviatilis,
Bithynia spp., Radix spp..
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea, most typical in low salinity northern areas of the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
121
Code
AA.A4U–Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
vegetation or macrofauna is not present.
Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.1.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.1.2 Solid rock (bedrock)
2.1.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.1.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.2.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
122
Code
AA.B1E–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by epibenthic
bivalves
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay. Sessile/semisessile epibenthic bivalves cover of at least 10% of the seabed.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically in high energy
exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
123
Code
AA.B1V–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by mixed
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay. No perennial
attached erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically in high energy
exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.3.2.1 Bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
124
Code
AA.B2T–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay. Coverage of
macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0-10%.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically in high energy
exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.3.2.1 Bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
125
Code
AA.B4U–Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay.
Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not present.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically in high energy
exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.3.2.1 Bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
Habitat types
generally associated in
the field
126
Code
AA.E1C–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by perennial
algae
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by perennial algae
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Perennial
attached algae cover at least of 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Kelp
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
127
Code
AA.E1E–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Sessile/semisessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp.
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
128
Code
AA.E1F–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordates
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic
chordates cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ciona intestinalis
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
129
Code
AA.E1V–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. No perennial
attached erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
130
Code
AA.E2T–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Coverage of
macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0-10%.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
131
Code
AA.E3X–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed
infaunal macrocommunity in coarse and well-sorted shells
and shell fragments
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in
coarse and well-sorted shells and shell fragments
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic
infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type
of shell gravel fragments is coarse and well-sorted.
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
This category is intended only for biotopes occurring in Kattegat and the most
southern parts of the Baltic Sea (Mytilus shell gravel in Northern Baltic Sea,
should be classified AA.E1E1).
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
132
Code
AA.E3Y–Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed
infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like shell fragments
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in fine
sand-like shell fragments
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic
infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type
of shell gravel fragments is fine and sand-like.
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
This category is intended only for biotopes occurring in Kattegat and the most
southern parts of the Baltic Sea (Mytilus shell gravel in Northern Baltic Sea,
should be classified AA.E1E1).
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
133
Code
AA.E4U–Baltic photic shell gravel without characteristic
epibenthic communities
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel without characteristic epibenthic communities
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic
macrovegetation or –fauna does not occur.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
134
Code
AA.H1A–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
emergent vegetation
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by emergent vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Emergent vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Substrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered;
Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
135
Code
AA.H1B–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
submerged rooted plants
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales)
cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups.
Physical environment
Substrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered;
Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Stuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
136
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1E–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed
and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
137
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1K–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic polychaetes
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). At least 10% coverage of sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes and
more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone
tube building polychaetes
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
138
Code
AA.H1Q–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached
perennial vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least
10 % of the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.
Physical environment
Substrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered;
Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum
demersumm
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
139
Code
AA.H1S–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
annual algae
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by annual algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other epibenthic
biotic structures cover less than 10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Vaucheria spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
140
Code
AA.H1V–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual
algae have ≥ 10% coverage.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
141
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3L–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal bivalves
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal
bivalves dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment.
Macoma balthica, Arctica islandica, Astarte spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
142
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3M–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal polychaetes
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal
polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment.
Polydora ciliata, Lagis koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger,
Marenzelleria spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
143
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3N–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal crustaceans
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustacea
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal
crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.
Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
144
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3O–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal echinoderms
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna present. Biomass of
infaunal echinoderms dominates the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes. Salinity is
relatively high (above approximately 10-15).
Amphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegatt, the Sound
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
145
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3P–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal insect larvae
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna present. Biomass of
infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
146
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H4U–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic photic muddy sediment without characteristic macroscopic communities
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrovegetation or macro- epi-or infauna present
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
147
Code
AA.I1A–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
emergent vegetation
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by emergent vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to
about 2 meters
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
148
Code
AA.I1B–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
submerged rooted plants
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants
with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Stuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
149
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1C–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
perennial algae
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by perennial algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Perennial algae cover at least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Fucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
150
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1D–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
aquatic moss
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by aquatic moss
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Aquatic moss cover at least 10 % of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas;
Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters
Characteristic species
Fontinalis spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Bothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
151
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I1E–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile bivalves cover at least
10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5678
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
152
Code
Name
AA.I1Q–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached
perennial vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial
vegetation covers at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups cover less
than 10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Fucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
153
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1S–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
annual algae
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by annual algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10% of the
bottom, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
154
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1V–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by annual algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group, perennial
unattached algae or annual algae cover more than 10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5678
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
155
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I2T–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic
macrocommunity
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epifauna and flora is
present but below 10 % coverage.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp, Hydroids, Amphibalanus improvisus
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophytevegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
156
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I2W–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and
grazing snails
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by
perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and
grazing snails dominates. Grazing snails (e.g. Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia,
Radix) constitute 50 % in biomass or volume
Substrate is muddy sediment. Most common in low salinity
Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus spp, Bithynia spp, Radix spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
157
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3L–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal bivalves
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . No macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates in the group
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astrarte spp,. Spisula spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
158
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3M–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal polychaetes
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Ophelia spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Gravel bottoms with Ophelia species
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
159
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3N–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal crustaceans
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Bathyporeia pilosa
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
160
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3O–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal echinoderms
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates in the group
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Amphiura spp., Ophiura spp., Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
161
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3P–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal insect larvae
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic
macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group of
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insects.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
162
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I4U–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not
present.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
163
Code
AA.J1A–Baltic photic sand characterized by emergent
vegetation
Name
Baltic photic sand characterized by emergent vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Emergent vegetation covers at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to
about 2 meters
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
164
Code
AA.J1B–Baltic photic sand characterized by submerged
rooted plants
Name
Baltic photic sand characterized by submerged rooted plants
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Stuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
165
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J1E–Baltic photic sand characterized by epibenthic
bivalves
Baltic photic sand characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20%
of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2
mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna associated with the mussel beds.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication through increased siltation
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
166
Code
Name
AA.J1Q–Baltic photic sand characterized by stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
Baltic photic sand characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial
vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 % of
the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum
demersum
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
167
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.J1S–Baltic photic sand characterized by annual algae
Baltic photic sand characterized by annual algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Annual algae cover at least 10%, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover
less than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
168
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.J1V–Baltic photic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Baltic photic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae
cover more than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5425
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
169
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves
Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20
% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No
macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves is at
least 10 % and highest of the groups infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Macoma balthica Arctica islandica,Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte
borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp., Chamelea
gallina
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
170
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3M–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal
polychaetes
Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20%
of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2
mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation
or epibenthic macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in
the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and
Travisia forbesii
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
171
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3N–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal
crustacea
Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal crustacea
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20%
of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2
mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation
or epibenthic macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates in
the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Monoporeia affinis
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
172
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3P–Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal insect
larvae
Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20%
of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2
mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation
or epibenthic macrofauna present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in
the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
173
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J4U–Baltic photic sand characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic photic sand characterized by no macrocommunity
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20%
of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2
mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- or
microvegetation present, neither macro-, epi- or infauna.
Substrate is sand.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
174
Code
AA.M1A–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
emergent vegetation
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by emergent vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers at least
10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone
down to about 2 meters.
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
175
Code
AA.M1B–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
submerged rooted plants
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by submerged rooted plants
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of submerged rooted plants
which also includes plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the
seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone.
Characteristic species
Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia spp., Chara aspera
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
176
Code
AA.M1C–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
perennial algae
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by perennial algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of perennial attached algae is
at least 10%, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.
Characteristic species
Fucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,
Polysiphonia spp., Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae.
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
177
Code
AA.M1D–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
aquatic moss
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by aquatic moss
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of aquatic moss is at least
10%, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Physical environment
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range:
photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.
Characteristic species
Fontinalis antipyretica
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
178
Code
AA.M1E–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp., Dreissena polymorpha
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
179
Code
AA.M1F–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic chordates
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic chordates cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
sea squirts
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
180
Code
AA.M1G–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic cnidarians
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic cnidarians
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
hydroids, sea anemones, corals
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
181
Code
AA.M1H–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Moss animals cover
at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Electra crustulenta, Flustra foliacea
Moss animals can live as epiphytes (e.g. Electra crustulenta on Fucus spp.),. In the
BSEUNIS classification epiphytes are considered to be quality descriptors, not
habitat forming.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
182
Code
AA.M1I–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic crustacea
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic crustacea
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic crustaceans cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Balanidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
183
Code
AA.M1J–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic sponges (Porifera)
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic sponges cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ephydatia fluviatilis
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
184
Code
AA.M1Q–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by stable aggregations of unattached
perennial vegetation
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of stable aggregations of
unattached perennial vegetation is at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect
groups cover less than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range:
photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis, Fucus spp., Ceratophyllum demersum
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
185
Code
AA.M1R–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by soft
crustose algae
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by soft crustose algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of soft crustose algae is at
least 10%, while perennial attached erect groups and unattached algae cover less
than 10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth
range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.
Characteristic species
Hildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
186
Code
AA.M1S–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
annual algae
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by annual algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of annual algae is at least
10%, while all other macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures cover less than
10%.
Physical environment
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone,
more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.
Characteristic species
Cladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis,
Dictyosiphon spp., Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
187
Code
AA.M1V–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group,
perennial unattached algae, soft crustose algae or annual algae cover more than
10% of the seabed.
Physical environment
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone,
more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5435
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
188
Code
AA.M2W–Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and
grazing snails.
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Sessile/semi-sessile macroscopic
epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10% coverage.
Microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails dominate. Grazing snails (e.g.
Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia, Radix) constitute 50% in biomass or volume
Physical environment
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone,
more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5435
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
189
Code
AA.M2T– Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by
sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
macroscopic epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10%
coverage.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
190
Code
AA.M4U– Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with less than 90% coverage of mixed soft and hard
substrata. No macrovegetation present, neither macro- epi- or infauna.
Physical environment
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
meiofauna, bacteria
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
191
Code
AB.A1E–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters
and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
192
Code
AB.A1F–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
chordates cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters
and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
sea squirts
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
193
Code
AB.A1G–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic cnidarians
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
hydroids, sea anemones, corals
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
194
Code
AB.A1H–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic moss animals
(Bryozoa)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic moss
animals cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Electra crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
195
Code
AB.A1I–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic crustacea
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Balanidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
196
Code
AB.A1J–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
epibenthic sponges
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic
sponges cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial
attached erect groups.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ephydatia fluviatilis
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
197
Code
AB.A1V–Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. No perennial attached erect group
has ≥ 10% coverage.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
198
Code
AB.A2T–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic
macrocommunity.
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna
is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.
Substrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters
and deeper.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp., Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
199
Code
AB.A4U–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by
no macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna
is not present.
Substrate is rock and boulders.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
200
Code
AB.B1E–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by epibenthic
bivalves
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves have a coverage of at least 10%.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
201
Code
AB.B1V–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by mixed
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay. No perennial
attached erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
202
Code
AB.B2T–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse
epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the
seabed.
Substrate is hard clay. Typically encountered in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
203
Code
AB.B4U–Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of hard clay. No macro-,
epi- or infauna present.
Physical environment
Substrate is hard clay. Typically encountered in high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
204
Code
AB.E1E–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Sessile/semisessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus sp., Modiolus modiolus
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
205
Code
AB.E1F–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordate.
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Sessile/semisessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10% of the seabedand more than
other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ciona intestinalis
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
206
Code
AB.E1V–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed
epibenthic macrocommuntiy.
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy.
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. No perennial
attached erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
207
Code
AB.E2T–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by sparse
epibenthic macrocommuntiy.
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy.
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Sessile/semisessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
208
Code
AB.E3X–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed
infaunal macrocommunity in coarse and well sorted shells
and shell fragments
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in
coarse and well sorted shells and shell fragments
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic
infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. The shell gravel mainly consists of
large shells and coarse shell fragments from several different species of clams
and mussels.
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Only for biotopes occuring in Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic
Sea (Mytilus shell gravel in Northern Baltic Sea, should be classified AB.E1E1)
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
209
Code
AB.E3Y–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed
infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like shell fragments
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity in
fine sand-like shell fragments
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic
infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. Shell gravel is fine, sand-like.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Only for biotopes occuring in Kattegat and the most southern parts of the Baltic
Sea (Mytilus shell gravel in Northern Baltic Sea, should be classified AB.E1E1)
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
210
Code
AB.E4U–Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic shell gravel characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Sessile/semisessile macro-, epi- or infauna is not present.
Physical environment
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in
high energy exposure areas.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
211
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1E - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed
and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
212
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1G - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic cnidarians
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic cnidarians
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
hydroids, sea anemones, corals
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
213
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1I - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic crustacea
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic crustacea
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacean cover at least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Balanidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
214
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1K - Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
epibenthic polychaetes
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
tube building polychaetes
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
215
Code
AB.H1V–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommuntiy
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
216
Code
AB.H2T–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy.
Name
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic
macrocommuntiy.
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10%
of the seabed.
Substrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy
exposure classes.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Southern part of Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
217
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3L–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal bivalves
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of
infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Macoma balthica, Arctica islandica, Astarte spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
218
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3M–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal polychaetes
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of
infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Polydora ciliata, Lagis koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger,
Marenzelleria spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
219
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3N–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal crustaceans
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of
infaunal crustaceans dominates and is the highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
220
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3O–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal echinoderms
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal echinoderms
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of
infaunal echinoderms dominates the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Amphiura spp., Ophiura spp., Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat, the Sound and Belt Sea(?)
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
221
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3P–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by
infaunal insect larvae
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of
infaunal insect larvae dominates and in the highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication, contaminants
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
222
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H4U–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment without characteristic fauna
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macro- epi- or infauna is present.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all
energy exposure classes.
meiofauna, bacteria
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
223
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I1E–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 9 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover
at least 10% of the seabed.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
224
Code
AB.I1V–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy
Name
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommuntiy
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10%
coverage.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
225
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I3L–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal bivalves
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna
is not present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is the highest in the
group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
226
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I3M–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal polychaetes
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is
not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the
group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
227
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I3N–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by
infaunal crustaceans
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna
is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the
group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
228
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I4U–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse
sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high
energy exposure areas.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
229
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J1E–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by epibenthic
bivalves
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by epibenthic bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalve cover at least 10% of the seabed.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Mytilus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
230
Code
AB.J1V–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by mixed
epibenthic macrocommuntiy
Name
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No
perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
231
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3L–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal
bivalves
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20
% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal
bivalves dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Macoma balthica Arctica islandica,Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte
borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp, Chamelea
gallina
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
232
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
AB.J3M–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal
polychaetes
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal
polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and
Travisia forbesii
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
233
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3N–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal
crustacea
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal crustacea
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal
crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Monoporeia affinis
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
234
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3P–Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal insect
larvae
Baltic aphotic sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal
insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
235
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J4U Baltic aphotic sand characterized by no
macrocommunity
Baltic aphotic sand without characteristic communities
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macro- epior infauna is not present.
Substrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy
exposure areas.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
236
Code
AB.M1E–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic bivalves
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Mytilus spp.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
237
Code
AB.M1F–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic chordates
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic chordates
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10-90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic chordates cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
sea squirts
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
238
Code
AB.M1G–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic cnidarians
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic cnidarians
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10-90% coverage of hard substarta
(rock/boulders/stone) and between 10-90% coverage of soft substrata (e.g.
muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover
at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
hydroids, sea anemones, corals
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
239
Code
AB.M1H–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic moss animals
(Bryozoa)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic moss animals cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Electra crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
240
Code
AB.M1I–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic crustacea
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic crustacea
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Balanidae
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
241
Code
AB.M1J–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
epibenthic sponges
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic sponges
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic sponges cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Ephydatia fluviatilis
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
242
Code
AB.M1V–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
mixed epibenthic macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic
macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). No perennial attached
erect group has ≥ 10% coverage.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
243
Code
AB.M2T–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by
sparse epibenthic fauna
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic fauna
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile
epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Mytilus spp., Macoma balthica,
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
244
Code
AB.M4U–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no
macrocommunity
Name
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with less than 90% coverage of mixed soft and hard
Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Macro-, epi- or
infauna is not present.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
245
Level 6 biotopes
Code
AA.A1C1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
Fucus spp.
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp.
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitute at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >5; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth
range: photic zone usually from about 0.5 to 5 meters
Characteristic species
Fucus radicans, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland approximately
to the Russian border in the east
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.2 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2.2.2 Sublittoral level stony bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
AA.111 Baltic rock and boulders dominated by annual algae
246
Code
AA.A1C2–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial non-filamentous
corticated red algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the perennial attached algae, corticated red algal species constitute at least 50%
of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas;
Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the North and central Gulf of Finland approximately
to the Russian border in the east
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.2 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2.2.2 Sublittoral level stony bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
247
Code
AA.A1C3–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
perennial foliose red algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial foliose red algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the perennial attached algae, foliose perennial red algal species constitute at
least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas;
Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Coccotylus spp., Phyllophora spp., Delesseria spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the
east
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.2 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2.2.2 Sublittoral level stony bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
248
Code
AA.A1C4– Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by kelp
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by kelp
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the perennial attached algae kelp constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas;
Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters, also
deeper in areas with clear water. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Characteristic species
Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Kattegat, the Sound and Belt Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.2 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2.2.2 Sublittoral level stony bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
249
Code
AA.A1C5–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
perennial filamentous algae
Name
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous species constitute at least
50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone usually from
about 0.5 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Polysiphonia spp, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.2 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
2.2.2.2 Sublittoral level stony bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
250
Code
Name
AA.A1E1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Author
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Physical environment
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 5 to 20 meters. Appears
in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Amount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and
biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the North.
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
251
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A1E2–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by Zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
epibenthic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha constitutes at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears
in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.
Dreissena polymorpha
Amount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and
biomass of fauna.
Estonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
252
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.A1F1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
sea squirts (Ascidiacea)
Physical environment
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic chordates cover at
least 10%, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
attached epibenthic chordates, Ascidiacea represent at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Characteristic species
Ascidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp.
Mapping advise (habitat
delineation, identification,
similar types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat, the Sound and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
253
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A1G1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated
hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least
10%, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached
epibenthic cnidarians hydroids represent at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Hydrozoa
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from Russia waters
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
254
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A1H1 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta)
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra
crustulenta)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or
stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic moss animals cover at least
10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the attached epibenthic moss animals Electra crustulenta constitutes at least
50 % in volume or biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Salinity range: all
Electra crusulenta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
255
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A1H2 - Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae)
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra
foliaceae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of rock or boulders.
Epibenthic moss animals cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic moss animals,
Flustra foliaceae constitutes at least 50 % in volume or biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Flustra foliacea
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Southern Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
256
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.A1I1–Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by
barnacles (Balanidae)
Baltic photic rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of rock or boulders.
Epibenthic crustacean cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic crustaceans,
Balanidae represent at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears
in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be >3 psu.
Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.1.1.2.1 Sublittoral level soft rock bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
2.1.2.2.1 Sublittoral level stony bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A3.4 : Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
A3.5 : Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
A3.6 : Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
257
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.B1E1–Baltic photic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic photic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms at least 90% coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves
cover 10% of the seabed, of which Mytilidae constitutes at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is hard clay.
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.2.1 Hard clay bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
258
Code
AA.E1C4–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by kelp
Name
Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by kelp
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of shell gravel.
Perennial attached algae cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, kelp
constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone
Characteristic species
Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperboria
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Photic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments.
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
South-western Baltic Sea, the Sound
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Sublittoral photic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.52 Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/598
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
259
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.E1E1–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other attached erect groups. Out
of the epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is shell gravel.
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Shell gravel bottoms in sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
260
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.E1F1–Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by vase
tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)
Baltic photic shell gravel dominated by vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic chordates
cover at least 10% of the seabed,and more than other attached erect groups. Out
of the epibenthic chordates, Vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) constitutes at least
50% of the biomass.
Substrate is shell gravel.
Ciona intestinalis
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.2 Shell gravel bottoms in sublittoral photic zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.113 : Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic
zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
261
Code
AA.H1A1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
common reed (Phragmites australis)
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, common
reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
down to about 2 meters.
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.541 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by
[Phragmites australis]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1735
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
262
Code
AA.H1A2–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
sedges (Cyperaceae)
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by sedges (Cyperaceae)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, sedges form
at least 50 % in biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down
to about 1 meters.
Characteristic species
Schoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
263
Code
AA.H1B1–Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by
pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia
pectinata)
Name
Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by pondweed (Potamogeton
perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
pondweed form at least 50 % in biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from
about 0.2 to 4 meters.
Characteristic species
Potamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.542 Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2241
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
264
Code
Name
AA.H1B2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp.
and /or Zostera noltii
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.
Zannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.53 Sublittoral seagrass beds
A5.534 [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
A5.5343 [Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral
muddy sand
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2337
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
265
Code
Name
AA.H1B3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or Myriophyllum
sibiricum)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum
spicatum and/or Myriophyllum sibiricum)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about
0.2 to 2 meters.
Myriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
266
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1B4–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Charales
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Charales
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about
0.2 to 7 meters.
Chara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
267
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1B5–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by spiny
naiad (Najas marina)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by spiny naiad (Najas marina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic
zone to about 1 meter.
Najas marina
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
268
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1B6–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Ranunculus spp.
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic
zone to about 3 meters.
Ranunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.543 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus
baudotii]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/511
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
269
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1B7–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 1 to 6 meters.
Zostera marina
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Seagrass beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot
Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern
Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of
Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.545 [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5611
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Zostera beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
270
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1B8–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
spikerush (Eleocharis spp.)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by spikerush (Eleocharis spp.)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants,
spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 0 to 2 meters.
Eleocharis acicularis, E. uniglumis
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
271
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1E1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves mytilidae
constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes. Salinity is at least 5 psu
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
272
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1E2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Zebra
mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves. Dreissena
polymorpha constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Dreissena polymorpha
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
273
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1E3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by valve
snails (Valvata spp.)
Mytilidae Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by valve snails (Valvata spp.)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves valve snails
(Valvata spp.) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment.
Valvata spp.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
274
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H1K1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by tubebuilding polychaetes
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by tube-building polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes tubebuilding polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Several species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
275
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1Q1–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus
spp. (typical form)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the
seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp.(typical form)
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range:
photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.
Fucus vesiculosus(typical form), F. radicans
density of unattached Fucus spp. (normal form)
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
22.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
276
Code
Name
Popular short name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1Q2–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus
spp. (dwarf form)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the
seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range:
photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.
Fucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f.pygmaea)
density of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
Known along the coast of Sweden and Germany
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
277
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1Q3–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Furcellaria lumbricalis
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the
seabed. .Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Furcellaria lumbricalis
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range:
photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Lower limit of Furcellaria belt, amount of epiphytic algae, density of Furcellaria
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
278
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1Q4 - Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached hornwort (Ceratophyllum
demersum)
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the
seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Ceratophyllum demersum
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2
meters.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Found in sheltered bays that can be affected by eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
279
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1Q5–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable
unattached aggregations of lake ball (Aegagropila linnaei)
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by stable unattached aggregations of lake ball
(Aegagropila linnaei)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable
aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the
seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Aegagropila linnaei
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 5 meters.
Aegagropila linnaei
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
280
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.H1S3–Baltic muddy sediment dominated by Vaucheria
spp.
Baltic muddy sediment dominated by Vaucheria spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment.
The sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Annual algae cover at least 10% of the seabed, while all other vegetation
covers less than 10%. Of the annual algae, Vaucheria spp. constitutes at least 50%
of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <7 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down
to about 7 meters.
Vaucheria spp.
From southern Baltic Sea to northern Bothnian Bay and eastern Gulf of Finland
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
281
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3L1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Baltic
tellin (Macoma balthica)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) constitutes at least 50
% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Macoma balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
282
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3L3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by ocean
quahog (Arctica islandica)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least
50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Arctica islandica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
283
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3L6–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Unionidae
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Unionidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves Unionidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes. Salinity is low (below 2)
Unionidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Freshwater outlets and coastal lagoons
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
284
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3L8–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Abra
spp.
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Abra spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves Abra spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Abra spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
285
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical
environment
Characteristic
species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic
threats
Correspondence
with other
classification
systems
AA.H3M3–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Marenzelleria spp.
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Marenzelleria spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).
Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment.. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.
Marenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types
generally associated
in the field
286
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3M5–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
various opportunistic polychaetes
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes various opportunistic polychaetes
constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Polydora ciliata, Lagis koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
287
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3N1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
Monoporeia affinis
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by Monoporeia affinis
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Monoporeia affinis constitutes at least
50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 100
meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10.
Monoporeia affinis, Saduria entomon
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna. Number of healthy eggs in pregnant
females.
Eutrophication, chemical pollution
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
288
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3N2–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by mud
shrimps (Corophiidae)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by mud shrimps (Corophiidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Corophiidae constitutes at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters. Appears in
low wave exposure classes.
Corophium volutator, Apocorophium lacustre
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
289
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H3P1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by midge
larvae (Chironomidae)
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal insect larvae midge larvae (Chironomidae) constitute
at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
290
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.H4U1–Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by
meiofauna
Baltic photic muddy sediment dominated by meiofauna
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Macrovegetation or – fauna is not present. Meiofauna constitute at least
50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda
Diversity, abundance and biomass of meiofauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.7.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.31 Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
A5.311 Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses
influenced by varying salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2585
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
291
Code
AA.I1A1–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
common reed (Phragmites australis)
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by common reed (Phragmites
australis)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction .Emergent vegetation covers least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: moderately exposed; Depth range: photic
zone down to about 2 meters.
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.541 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by
[Phragmites australis]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1735
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
292
Code
AA.I1A2–Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by
sedges (Cyperaceae)
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sedges (Cyperaceae)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Emergent vegetation covers least 10% of the
seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: < 5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
down to about 1 meters.
Characteristic species
Schoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
293
Code
AA.I1B1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia
pectinata
Name
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus
and/or Stuckenia pectinata
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the
submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from
about 0.2 to 4 meters.
Characteristic species
Potamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata,
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.542 Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2241
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
294
Code
Name
AA.I1B2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp.
and/or Zostera noltii
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the
submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera
noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Zannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritima, Zostera noltii
Whole Baltic Sea, Zostera noltii occurs only in the Belt Sea and Kattegat area.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.53 Sublittoral seagrass beds
A5.534 : [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/509
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
295
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1B4 –Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
Charales
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Charales
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the
submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; Depth
range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.
Chara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
296
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1B6–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
Ranunculus spp.
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the
submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 1 to 7 meters.
Ranunculus spp.
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.543 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus
baudotii]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/511
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
297
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1B7–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the
submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 1 to 7 meters.
Zostera marina
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Seagrass beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot
Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern
Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of
Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.545 [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5611
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Zostera beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
298
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
299
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1C1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Fucus
spp.
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Fucus spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 5 meters
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
300
Code
Name
AA.I1C2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial non-filamentous
corticated red algae
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae non-filamentous corticated red algae constitute at least
50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 10 meters
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
301
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1C3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
perennial foliose red algae
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial foliose red algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae perennial foliose red algae constitute at least 50% of
the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
from about 2 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Coccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
302
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1C4–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by kelp
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by kelp
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae kelp constitute at least 50% to the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone
from about 2 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Saccharina latissima
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Belt Sea, the Sound, (Kattegat)
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.52 Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/598
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
303
Code
Name
Author
AA.I1C5–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
perennial filamentous algae
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by perennial filamentous algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae perennial filamentous algae constitute at least 50% of
the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone
Characteristic species
Polysiphonia spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
304
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I1E1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Epibenthic bivalves cover more than 10% of
the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas. Salinity >5
psu.
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
305
Code
Name
AA.I1Q1–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Fucus spp. (typical form)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a
coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers
at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (typical form)constitutes at least 50 % of
the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus(typical form), F. radicans
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
306
Code
Name
AA.I1Q2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Fucus spp. (typical form)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a
coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers
at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of
the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Known from Swedish and German coasts
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
307
Code
Name
AA.I1Q3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a
coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers
at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range:
photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
308
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I1S2–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Chorda
filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon
tomentosus
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Annual algae cover at least 10%, while all
other vegetation covers less than 10%. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum
and/or Halosiphon tomentosus constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: < 4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about
4 meters
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
The key species are seasonal
Baltic Sea up to the Quark
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
309
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3L10–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya
truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species:
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and
is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata,
Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment.
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
310
-Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.I3L11–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by
multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp.
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species
including Ophelia spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and
is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and
Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10% of the infaunal macrocommunity biomass when
disregarding the biomass of bivalves.
Physical environment
Substrate is sand.
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ophelia spp., Tanaissus spp., Streptosyllis spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Gravel bottoms with Ophelia species
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
311
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.I3N3–Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by sand
digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)
Baltic photic coarse sediment dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia
pilosa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates
and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal crustacean, Bathyporeia pilosa constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is coarse sediment.
Bathyporeia pilosa
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.4.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.111 : Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic
zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2576
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
312
Code
AA.J1A1–Baltic photic sand dominated by common reed
(Phragmites australis)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Emergent vegetation covers least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed
constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <3
meters
Characteristic species
Phragmites australis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.541 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by
[Phragmites australis]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1735
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
313
Code
AA.J1A2–Baltic photic sand dominated by sedges
(Cyperaceae)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Emergent vegetation covers least 10% of the seabed and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges
constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <1
meter
Characteristic species
Schoenoplectus spp., Bolbaschoenus maritimus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
314
Code
AA.J1B1–Baltic photic sand dominated by pondweed
(Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or
Stuckenia pectinata)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, ponweed constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 4 meters
Characteristic species
Potamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth caused by eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.542 Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2241
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
315
Code
AA.J1B2–Baltic photic sand dominated by Zannichellia spp.
and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or
Zostera noltii
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or
Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 4 meters
Characteristic species
Zannichellia spp., Ruppia spp, Zostera noltii
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.53 Sublittoral seagrass beds
A5.534 : [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/509
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
316
Code
AA.J1B3–Baltic photic sand dominated by watermilfoil
(Myriophyllum spicatum and/or Myriophyllum sibiricum)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or
Myriophyllum sibiricum)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 4 meters
Characteristic species
Myriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
317
Code
AA.J1B4–Baltic photic sand dominated by Charales
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by Charales
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 7 meters
Characteristic species
Chara aspera, Tolypella nidifica, Chara baltica
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
318
Code
AA.J1B5–Baltic photic sand dominated by spiny naiad (Najas
marina)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by spiny naiad (Najas marina)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 2 meters
Characteristic species
Najas marina
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Anchorage and construction in sheltered bays and lagoons
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
319
Code
AA.J1B6–Baltic photic sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of
the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: from
0.2 to about 4 meters
Characteristic species
Ranunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Anchorage and construction in sheltered bays and lagoons
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.543 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus
baudotii]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/511
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
320
Code
AA.J1B7–Baltic photic sand dominated by common eelgrass
(Zostera marina)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 %
of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to exposed; Depth range: from
1 to about 8 meters
Characteristic species
Zostera marina
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Decreased light penetration depth and increased sedimentation caused by
eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Seagrass beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot
Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern
Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of
Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.545 [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5611
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
321
Zostera beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
322
Code
AA.J1B8–Baltic photic sand dominated by spikerush
(Eleocharis spp.)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by spikerush (Eleocharis spp.)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at
least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: down to about 2
meters
Characteristic species
Eleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Anchorage and construction in sheltered bays and lagoons, overgrowth of
meadows along the shoreline
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
323
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J1E1–Baltic photic sand dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic photic sand dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Epibenthic
bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial
attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at
least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity
must be at least 5.
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
324
Code
AA.J1Q1–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.
(typical form)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of
unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus
spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range:
down to about 5 meters, level bottoms
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus (typical form)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
density of Fucus spp., amount of epiphytes
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication, anchorage and construction in sheltered bays and lagoons
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
325
Code
AA.J1Q2–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.
(dwarf form)
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of
unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus
spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range:
down to about 5 meters, level bottoms
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f. pygmaea)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Known from the coasts of Sweden and Germany
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
326
Code
AA.J1Q3–Baltic photic sand dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria
lumbricalis
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of
unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria
lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range:
down to about 10 meters, level bottoms
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Whole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
eutrophication, dredging for industrial use
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
327
Code
AA.J1S2–Baltic photic sand dominated by Chorda filum
and/or Halosiphon tomentosus
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has
less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand
(grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Annual algae cover at least 10% of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers
less than 10%. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halisiphon
tomentosus constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Salinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about
4 meters
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
The key species are seasonal, mapping should take place when the vegetation is
fully developed.
Baltic Sea up to the Quark
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
328
Code
AA.J1S3–Baltic photic sand dominated by Vaucheria spp.
Name
Baltic photic sand dominated by Vaucheria spp.
Author
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90% coverage of sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual
algae cover at least 10% of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than
10%. Out of the annual algae, Vaucheria spp. constitutes at least 50% of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <7 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down
to about 7 meters.
Vaucheria spp.
From southern Baltic Sea to northern Bothnian Bay and eastern Gulf of Finland
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.2 Level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
329
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L1–Baltic photic sand dominated by Baltic tellin
(Macoma balthica)
Baltic photic sand dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Macoma balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in all exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu
Macoma balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
330
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L2–Baltic photic sand dominated by cockles
(Cerastoderma spp.)
Baltic photic sand dominated by cockles (Cerastoderma spp.)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Cerastoderma spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biomass
Substrate is sand.
Cerastoderma glaucum, Cerastoderma edule
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
German inner bights, the Sound
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
331
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L3–Baltic photic sand dominated by ocean quahog
(Arctica islandica)
Baltic photic sand dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is sand.
Arctica islandica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
332
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L4–Baltic photic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya
arenaria)
Baltic photic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya arenaria)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is sand.
Mya arenaria
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
333
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L9 - Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte
borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica
Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma
spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
bivalves Multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria,
Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica) constitute at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is sand.
Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma
balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
334
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L10–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp.,
Spisula spp.
Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma
calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata,
Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand.
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
335
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3L11–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
polychaete species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia
forbesii
Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including
Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia
spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 %of the infaunal macrocommunity
biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.
Substrate is sand.
Ophelia spp, Travisia forbesii, Tanaissus spp, Streptosyllis spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
336
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3M2–Baltic photic sand dominated by lugworms
(Arenicola marina)
Baltic photic sand dominated by lugworms (Arenicola marina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
polychaetes Arenicola marina constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters, Appears in from low to
high wave exposure. Salinity >10 psu
Arenicola marina, Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma sp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
337
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3M4–Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
polychaete species: Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and
Hediste diversicolor
Baltic photic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygiospio
elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor
constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand.
Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp.,Hediste diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
338
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.J3N3–Baltic photic sand dominated by sand digger
shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)
Baltic photic sand dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
crustacean, Bathyporeia pilosa constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass
Substrate is sand. Depth is typically from 1 to 10 meters, Appears in areas of
moderate to high wave exposure. Salinity >4 psu.
Bathyporeia pilosa, Oligochaeta, Haustorius arenarius, Cyathura carinata, Hediste
diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
339
AA.J3P1–Baltic photic sand dominated by midge larvae
(Chironomidae)
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic photic sand dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less than
20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size
0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of
infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
insect larvae, Midge larvae (Chironomidae) constitute at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.5.2.1 Level bottoms with little or no macrophyte
vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.21 Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
A5.211 Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone
with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2580
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
340
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1A1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
common reed (Phragmites australis)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone
down to about 2 meters.
Phragmites australis
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.541 Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by
[Phragmites australis]
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1735
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
341
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1A2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sedges
(Cyperaceae)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 %
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
emergent vegetation, sedges constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone
down to about 1 meters.
Schoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
342
Code
Name
AA.M1B1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia
pectinata)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus
and/or Stuckenia pectinata).
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least
10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from
about 0.2 to 4 meters.
Potamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
(A5.542 Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus])
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2241
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
343
Code
Name
AA.M1B2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp.
and/or Zostera noltii
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least
10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or
Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.
Zannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.53 Sublittoral seagrass beds
A5.534 : [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/509
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
344
Code
Name
AA.M1B3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and/or Myriophyllum
sibiricum)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum
and/or Myriophyllum sibiricum)
Author
Textual description
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least
10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about
0.2 to 2 meters.
Myriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
345
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.M1B4–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
Charales
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Charales
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least
10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about
0.2 to 7 meters.
Chara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida, Chara baltica
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
346
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.M1B7–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by common eelgrass (Zostera marina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least
10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the
biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 1 to 6 meters.
Zostera marina
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
HELCOM 2007:
Seagrass beds
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot
Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern
Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of
Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
A5.545 [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/5611
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Zostera beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
347
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AA.M1C1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Fucus
spp.
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Fucus spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae cover at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial attached algae, Fucus spp. constitutesat least 50% of the biovolume.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range:
photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.
Fucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus
Lower limit of Fucus belt, amount of epiphytic algae, density of Fucus
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
348
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1C2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated
red algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial algae, perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae constitutes at
least 50% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth
range: photic zone from about 3 meters.
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Baltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the
east
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
349
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1C3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by foliose
red algae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by foliose red algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial algae, foliose red algae constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth
range: photic zone from about 3 meters.
Coccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp., Delesseria sanguinea
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Baltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the
east
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
350
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1C4 - Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by kelp
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by kelp
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial algae, kelp constitutes at least 50% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 3 meters.
Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata
Kattegat, the Sound and Belt Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.52 Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/598
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
351
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1C5–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
perennial filamentous algae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial filamentous algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10% of
the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
perennial algae, perennial filamentous algae constitutes at least 50% of the
biovolume.
Salinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic
zone from about 2 meters.
Characteristic species
Polysiphonia fucoides, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris, Rhodomela
confervoides
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Lower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae
Whole Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
352
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1E1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 0 to 20
meters.
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the North
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
353
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1E2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Zebra
mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Zebra mussel(Dreissena polymorpha)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Zebra mussel constitutes at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 2 to 10
meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less
than 5 psu.
Dreissena polymorpha
Amount of sediment. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Estonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
354
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1F1 - Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sea
squirts (Ascidiacea)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic chordates
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates Ascidiacea constitutes at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Characteristic species
Ascidiacea, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or
no macrophyte vegetation
355
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1G1– Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated hydroids
(Hydrozoa)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic nidarians, Ascidiacea constitutes at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Laomedea spp, Cordylophora caspia
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from Russian waters
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
356
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1H1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra
crustulenta)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic moss
animals cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached
erect groups. Out of the epibenthic moss animals, crustose moss animals
constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Electra crustulenta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with
little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
357
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1H2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by erect
moss animals (Flustra foliacea)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra foliacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic moss
animals cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached
erect groups. Out of the epibenthic moss animals, erect moss animals constitute
at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Flustra foliacea
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Southern Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with
little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
358
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AA.M1I1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
barnacles (Balanidae)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic photic bottoms with 10- 90% coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and
10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic crustacea
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacean, barnacles constitute at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 0 to 20
meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 3 psu.
Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.1 With little or no macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.411 : Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral
photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2590
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
359
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1Q1–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp.(typical form)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Fucus spp.(typical form)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has
a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50
% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 5 meters.
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus radicans
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
360
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1Q2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Fucus spp. (dwarf form)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has
a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50
% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 5 meters.
Characteristic species
Fucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Known from coasts of Sweden and Germany
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
361
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1Q3–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Furcellaria lumbricalis
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has
a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
covers at least 10 %, out of which unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes
at least 50 % of the biovolume.
Salinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to
about 5 meters.
Characteristic species
Furcellaria lumbricalis
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Typical along the shore of the Baltic states
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
362
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1Q4–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable
aggregations of unattached rigid hornwort(Ceratophyllum
demersum)
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by stable aggregations of unattached
Ceratophyllum demersum
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 %
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has
a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation
covers at least 10 %, out of which unattacher rigid hornwort constitutes at least
50 % of the biovolume.
Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2
meters.
Characteristic species
Ceratophyllum demersum
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Found in sheltered bays.
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
A5.54 Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1591
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
363
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1S1 Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by
filamentous annual algae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by filamentous annual algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10% of the
seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10%. Out of the annual algae,
filamentous annual algae constitute at least 50% of the biovolume.
Salinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone to about 0.5
meters.
Characteristic species
Cladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis,
Dictyosiphon spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Must be mapped during the growth season.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
364
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AA.M1S2–Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Chorda
filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus algae
Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon
tomentosus algae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10%, but less than 90%
coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10% of the
seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10%. Out of the annual algae,
Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus algae constitute at least 50% of the
biovolume.
Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5
to 4 meters.
Characteristic species
Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Must be mapped during the growth season.
Whole Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.2 Sublittoral photic zone
2.8.2.2 Dominated by macrophyte vegetation
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.5 Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/1733
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
365
Code
Name
AB.A1E1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Author
Textual description
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%
of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Physical environment
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from below 20 meters.
Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Amount of sediment. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the North.
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
366
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.A1F1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea
squirts (Ascidiacea)
Physical environment
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic chordates cover at least
10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Characteristic species
Ascidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Modiolus spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Kattegat, the Sound and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
367
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1G1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated
hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least
10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Laomedea spp., Cordylophora caspia
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from Russian waters
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
368
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1G2– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea
anemones (Actiniarida)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by sea anemones (Actiniarida)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least
10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Edwardsia spp, Metridium senile
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
369
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1G3 Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by
stone corals (Scleractinida)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by stone corals (Scleractinida)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least
10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic cnidarians, stone corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Caryophyllia smithii
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
370
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1G4–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by soft
corals (Alcyonacea)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least
10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Alcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
371
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1H1–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by
crustose moss animals (Electra crustulenta)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by crustose moss animals (Electra
crustulenta)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic moss animals cover at
least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the epibenthic moss animals, crustose moss animals constitute at least 50
% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Electra crustulenta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
372
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1H2–Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by
erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by erect moss animals (Flustra
foliaceae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic moss animals cover at
least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.
Out of the epibenthic moss animals, erect moss animals constitute at least 50 %
of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders.
Flustra foliaceae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna
Southern Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
373
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.A1I1– Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by
barnacles (Balanidae)
Baltic aphotic rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of rock, boulders
or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic crustacea cover at least
10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of
the epibenthic crustacea, barnacles constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears
in all wave exposure classes. Salinity approximately >3 psu.
Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.1 Rocky bottoms
2.1.1 Soft rock
2.1.1.1 Aphotic zone
2.1.2 Solid rock
2.1.2.1 Aphotic zone
2.2 Stony bottoms
2.2.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
374
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.B1E1–Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the
biomass.
Substrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1. Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
375
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.B1E4–Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Astarte spp
Baltic aphotic hard clay dominated by Astarte spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Astarte spp.constitutes at least 50 % of
the biomass.
Substrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.
Astarte spp.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.3 Hard clay bottoms
2.3.1. Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
376
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.E1E1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms at least 90% coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves
cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50% of the
biomass.
Substrate is shell gravel.
Mytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotiz zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- Habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
377
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.E1F1–Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by vase
tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)
Baltic aphotic shell gravel dominated by vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic bottoms at least 90% coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic chordates
cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect
groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates, vase tunicate constitutes at least 50% of
the biomass.
Substrate is shell gravel.
Ciona intestinalis
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
Increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)
HELCOM 1998:
2.6 Shell gravel bottoms
2.6.1 Aphotiz zone
HELCOM 2007
Shell gravel bottoms
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg,
Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.115 Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
378
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1E1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90% coverage of muddy
sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size
less than 63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,
Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes. Salinity >5 psu
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
379
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1I2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Haploops spp.
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Haploops spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, Haploops
spp. constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Haploops spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from the Sound, Kattegat
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
380
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H1K1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
various tube-building polychaetes
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by various tube-building polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than
other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes,
various tube-building polychaetes constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Several species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
381
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H2T1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by sea
pens
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by sea pens
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Less than10% of the seabed is covered by sessile macroscopic epifauna.
Conspicuous populations of sea-pens are present in visual samplings.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 15 to 200 meters. Appears
in low to moderate energy exposure classes.
Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea
Visual methods such as ROV:s of SCUBA diving are needed since it is possible that
the animals will never appear in a grab-sample.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from the Sound, Kattegat
Bottom trawling
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007:
Sea pens and burrowing megafauna communities
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Sea-pen and burrowing megafauna communities
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is listed
threatened and/or in decline in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
382
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3L1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves, Macoma balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the
biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Macoma balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
383
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3L3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves, Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least
50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Arctica islandica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic Sea
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
384
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3L5–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Astarte spp.
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Astarte spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal bivalves, Astarte spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Astarte spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
385
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3M1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger constitutes
at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
386
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3M3–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Marenzelleria spp.
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Marenzelleria spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least
50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Marenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
387
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3M5–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
various opportunistic polychaetes
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Various opportunistic polychaetes
constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure
classes.
Polydora ciliata, Lagis koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
388
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H3N1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or
Pontoporeia femorata
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans, Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia
femorata constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 200
meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10 psu.
Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata, Saduria entomon
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna. Number of healthy eggs in pregnant
females.
Eutrophication, chemical pollution
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
389
AB.H3O1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Amphiura filiformis
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Amphiura filiformis
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Amphiura filiformis constitutes at least
50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >12
psu
Amphiura filiformis , Amphiura chiajei, Ophiura spp, Echinocardium sp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
EUNIS 2012:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
390
AB.H3O2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura
chiajei
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20% of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei
constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
391
AB.H3P1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
midge larvae (Chironomidae)
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group
that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect
larvae. Out of the infaunal insect larvae, Midge larvae (Chironomidae) constitute
at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
392
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H4U1–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
meiofauna
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by meiofauna
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the
present biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda
Diversity, abundance and biomass of meiofauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
393
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.H4U2–Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by
anaerobic organisms
Baltic aphotic muddy sediment dominated by anaerobic organisms
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The
sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than
63 µm). Macrocommunities are not present. Anaerobic organisms constitute at
least 50% of the present biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 50 to 250 meters. Appears
in all wave exposure classes. No O2.
Beggiatoa
HELCOM 1998:
2.7 Muddy bottoms
2.7.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.3 Sublittoral mud
A5.37 Deep circalittoral mud
A5.378 Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2588
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
394
Code
AB.I1E1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by
Mytilidae
Name
Author
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Textual description
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction .Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the
seabed, and more than other Perennial attached erect groups. Out of the
epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas. Salinity >5.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
395
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.I3L10–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by
multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya
truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and
is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata,
Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
396
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.I3L11–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by
multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp.
and Travisia forbesii
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete
species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and
is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and
Travisia forbesii constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when
disregarding the biomass of bivalves.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ophelia spp , Travisia forbesii , Tanaissus spp., Streptosyllis spp.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
HELCOM 2007:
Gravel bottoms with Ophelia species
- habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence
Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
397
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I3N3–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by sand
digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia
pilosa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction .Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates
and is highest in the group that includes infaunal
bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal
crustaceans, Bathyporeia pilosa constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is muddy sediment. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure
areas.
Bathyporeia pilosa
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
398
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.I4U1–Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by
meiofauna
Baltic aphotic coarse sediment dominated by meiofauna
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of coarse sediment.
Coarse sediment has less than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the
proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the
combined gravel and sand fraction .No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna
constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.
Substrate is coarse sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda
Diversity, abundance and biomass of meiofauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.4 Gravel bottoms
2.4.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.1 Sublittoral coarse sediment
A5.11 Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.114 : Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2619
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
399
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J1E1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae
constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity
must be at least 5.
Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
400
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J2K7–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus
(Chamelea gallina)
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus (Chamelia gallina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other
perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Chamelea gallina
constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity
must be at least 5.
Chamelea gallina
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
401
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3L1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Baltic tellin
(Macoma balthica)
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Macoma balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Salinity >3
Macoma balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
402
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L3–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by ocean quahog
(Arctica islandica)
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Arctica islandica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Western Baltic sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
403
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L4–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya
arenaria)
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by sand gaper (Mya arenaria)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass of the
infaunal bivalves.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Mya arenaria
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
404
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L7–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus
(Chamelea gallina)
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by striped venus (Chamelea gallina)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, Chamelea gallina constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Chamelea gallina
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
405
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L9–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte
borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma
spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya
arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma balthica) constitute at least
50 % of the biomass.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Macoma
balthica
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from German waters in the Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
406
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L10–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple
infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata,
Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma
calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the
infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya
truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
407
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
AB.J3L11–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple
infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp and
Travisia forbesii.
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including
Ophelia spp and Travisia forbesii.
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes
infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia
spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when
disregarding the biomass of bivalves.
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Ophelia spp., Travisia forbesii
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kiel bight to Darss sill
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
408
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3M4–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal
polychaete species: Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and
Hediste diversicolor
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygospio
elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and
Hediste diversicolor constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high exposure classes.
Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
409
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.J3N1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Monoporeia
affinis and Saduria entomon
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal crustaces, Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon
constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Depth is typically from 20 to 200 meters. Appears in moderate
to high energy exposure classes.
Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
410
AB.J3P1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by midge larvae
(Chironomidae)
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by midge larvae (Chironomidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.
Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that
includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.
Out of the infaunal insect larvae, Midge larvae (Chironomidae) constitutes at
least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Chironomidae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
411
AB.J4U1–Baltic aphotic sand dominated by meiofauna
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Baltic aphotic sand dominated by meiofauna
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 90% coverage of sand. Sand has less
than 20% of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain
size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No
macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present
biomass.
Substrate is sand. Appears in all wave exposure classes.
Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda
In the Gulf of Bothnia nectobenthic Mysidae can be associated with the biotope,
Mysidae can also appear in benthic grab-samples.
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.5 Sandy bottoms
2.5.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.2 Sublittoral sand
A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand
A5.273 Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2620
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
412
Code
Name
AB.M1E1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by
Mytilidae
Baltic aphotic mixed substrates dominated by Mytilidae
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Author
Textual description
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more
than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,
Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.
Physical environment
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu.
Characteristic species
Mytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Amount of sediment. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Geographic range
Baltic Sea up to the Quark in the North.
Anthropogenic threats
Eutrophication
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
OSPAR list of threathened biotopes:
Modiolus modiolus beds
- Habitat occurs in the OSPAR Region II (including Kattegat) and is
listed threatened and/or declining in this region
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
413
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
AB.M1F1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by sea
squirts (Ascidiacea)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10-90% coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90% soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10% of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50% of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Characteristic species
Ascidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp.
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
414
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1G1– Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated
hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Laomedea spp, Cordylophora caspia
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Known from Russian waters
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
415
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1G2 –Baltic aphotic mixed substrates dominated by sea
anemones (Actiniaria)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by sea anemones (Actiniaria)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Edwardsia spp, Metridium senile
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
416
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1G3–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by stone
corals (Scleractinida)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by stone corals (Scleractinida)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
cnidarians, stone corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Caryophyllia smithii
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
417
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1G4– Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by soft
corals (Alcyonacea)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.
Alcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Kattegat and Belt Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
418
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1H1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated
corticated moss animals (Electra crustulenta)
Baltic aphotic mixed hard and soft substrates dominated corticated moss
animals (Electra crustulenta)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic moss animals cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic moss
animals, corticated moss animals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Electra crustulenta
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
419
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
AB.M1H2 –Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by
erect moss animals (Flustra foliaceae)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by crustose moss animals (Flustra
foliaceae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10-90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic moss animals cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic moss
animals, erect moss animals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters.
Flustra foliaceae
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
Southern Baltic Sea
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
420
Code
Name
Author
Textual description
Physical environment
Characteristic species
Mapping advise
(habitat delineation,
identification, similar
types)
Quality descriptors
Geographic range
Anthropogenic threats
Correspondence with
other classification
systems
Habitat types generally
associated in the field
AB.M1I1–Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by
barnacles (Balanidae)
Baltic aphotic mixed substrate dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)
HELCOM RED LIST Biotope Expert Team
Baltic aphotic zone bottoms with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard
(rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse
sediment/sand). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and
more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic
crustacean, barnacles constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.
Substrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile
substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100
meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu.
Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides
Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.
HELCOM 1998:
2.8 Mixed sediment bottoms
2.8.1 Aphotic zone
EUNIS 2012:
A5 Sublittoral sediment
A5.4 : Sublittoral mixed sediments
A5.41 : Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
A5.412 : Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats/2589
harmonizing
421