Bacteria
Kingdom Monera
Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud
Diversity of Life Biology 20
Objectives
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2. Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the ecosystem.
2.1 Describe viral structure and activity.
2.2 Identify some viral diseases prevalent in plants, animals, and humans in
Saskatchewan.
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2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.
2.4 Describe some diseases caused by bacteria which affect organisms
living in Saskatchewan.
2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria.
2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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2.7 Describe how the protist kingdom is classified.
2.8 Collect, culture, and observe a variety of protists.
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2.9 Describe the general characteristics of fungi.
2.10 Collect and observe some samples of fungi.
2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.
Bacteria?
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Briefly jot down what this term means to you?
(i.e. when someone says bacteria, what does it
make you think of ?)
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Could you include any examples?
Intro to Bacteria?
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“Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal
disease. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live
symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or
elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants,
converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in
yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break
down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the
food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense
importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid
growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils
known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like
organisms” (UCMP
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html)
Videos:
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Bacteria Song:
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Bacterial Growth:
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http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOVYpkZ0qs
http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc&fe
ature=related
Bacteria Examples: (Microscope images)
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http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm
Bacterial History
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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – oldest fossils are nearly 3.5
billion years old.
Fossil bacteria has also been found in:
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Amber
Mummified tissues
Fossilized bones show
the presence of disease
causing bacteria
Magnetobacteria:
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“form tiny, nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (iron oxide) inside their
cells” (UCMP-Fossil Bacteria). These magnetite crystals have been
identified in rocks as old as 2 billion years (size: a few hundred millionths
of a meter)
-All info from (UCMP-Fossil Bacteria).
Bacteria
Leptospira: causes serious disease in
livestock
(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.ht
ml)
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes:
 Lack membrane bound
organelles
 Smaller, simpler
 Example:
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Bacteria
Eukaryotes:
 Have membrane bound
organelles
 Have a membrane bound
nucleus
 Example:
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Most cells that we
encounter
Cellupedia Examples:
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_e
xamples.html
2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
For more details, please refer to:
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/ProkaryoticvsEukaryotic.htm
What is Bacteria?
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A microscopic, single celled organism
Prokaryotic
Major Types:
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Archeabacteria or Eubacteria
 Variety of shapes
 Size: micrometres (millionth of a meter)
 Found in all types of environments.
Classified by:
 Shape:
 Rod – called bacilli
 Sphere – called cocci
 Spiral – called spirilla
 Other more complex shapes do exist.
 Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygen
 Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining technique
 Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria
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(Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html)
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2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.
Classification of Bacteria
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Classified by:
 Shape:
 Rod – called bacilli
 Sphere – called cocci
 Spiral – called spirilla
 Other more complex shapes do exist.
 Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygen
 Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining technique
 Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria
(Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html)
2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.
Spirillium
http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/spirillum.jpg
Types of Bacteria
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Types of Bacteria:
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http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=RrTjOrzva3I
Bacterial Cell
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2.11
Refer to the
following link for
more detail.
http://www.micro
beworld.org/micr
obes/bacteria/loo
k.aspx
Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.
Bacterial Cell
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Cellupedia:
http://library.thinkquest.or
g/C004535/prokaryotic_ce
lls.html
Did you also know…
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Sometimes referred to as germs
Bacteria are around us all the time
Can be positive:
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Make vitamins
Breakdown garbage
Maintain atmosphere
Examples:
Lactobacillus acidophilus (found in yogurt)
 “Lactic acid bacteria (bacteria that ferment sugars into lactic acid)
play an essential role in the production of wine, as well as such
fermented foods as cheese, yogurt, pickles, sausage and salami.”
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(http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.php)
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Can live in:
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Feed off of:
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Temperatures above boiling and below freezing
Sugar/starch
Sunlight
Sulphur/ iron
“There's even a species of bacteria—Deinococcus radiodurans
—that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater
than would kill a human being.”
By fermenting lactic acid,
Oenococcus oeni plays a critical
role in de-acidifying wine.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgirtt100302.php
Info from:
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Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/
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Includes a quick video.
More Bacteria Info:
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Sometimes known as microorganisms, bacteria,
is an important decomposer.
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Help to breakdown dead and decaying remains.
Extreme Bacteria:
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Types of Archaea
There are three main types of archaea:
 the crenarchaeota (kren-are-key-oh-ta), which are characterized by their
ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity.
 The euryarchaeota (you-ree-are-key-oh-ta), which include methane-producers
and salt-lovers;
 the korarchaeota (core-are-key-oh-ta), a catch-all group for archaeans about
which very little is known.
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Subtypes:
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Methanogens (meth-an-oh-jins) — archaeans that produce methane gas as
a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy.
Halophiles (hal-oh-files) — those archaeans that live in salty environments.
Thermophiles (ther-mo-files) — the archaeans that live at extremely hot
temperatures.
Psychrophiles (sigh-crow-files) — those that live at unusually cold
temperatures.
Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/
Refer to Where they Live: for more details:
http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/where.aspx
Roles of Bacteria
Examples:
Antrhax:
http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/
bacteria.htm
•Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a deadly
disease in cattle and a potential bioweapon
against humans. (found in Saskatchewan soil)
•Brucella abortus causes breeding losses in
livestock.
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2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by
bacteria.
Anthrax
Antrhax:
http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm
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“This rod-shaped bacteria grows in long colonies with the cells joined endto-end. The shape of the cells is more apparent under high magnification.
This was the first bacterium that was shown (by Robert Koch in 1877) to be
the cause of a disease : anthrax. Anthrax mainly affects herbivores but
occasionally is transmitted to humans.
It causes death fairly rapidly, and could theoretically be used in biological
warfare.
The Defense Dept vaccinated troops against anthrax during the Gulf War.
The British government tested an anthrax bomb in 1941 on Gruinard island
in Scotland. The island was finally declared “safe” almost 50 years later in
1990 after the soil was soaked to a depth of at least 6 inches with
formaldehyde to try to kill any spores that remained.”
Examples:
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Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae) live in
water, where they produce large amounts of the oxygen we
breathe.
Escherichia coli (a.k.a. E. coli) lives in the gut, where it helps
digest food and produces Vitamin K. The "bad" strain of
E. coli O157:H7 causes severe food borne sickness.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus helps turn milk into cheese, yogurt,
and other dairy products.
Bacterium tuberculosism Mycoba causes tuberculosis, a major
killer from the past that has recently resurged with the
advent of AIDS.
Info from:
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Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/
Examples Continued:
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Rhizobia convert free nitrogen into a form that the
plants can use in order to grow. (found in the root nodules
of nitrogen fixing bacteria)
Staphylococcus (a.k.a. staph) can cause serious infections
and is one of the most drug-resistant bacteria.
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes strep throat, meningitis,
and pneumonia.
Streptomyces griseus makes the antibiotic streptomycin.
Thermus aquaticus is a heat-loving bacterium from which
scientists got the enzyme Taq polymerase that makes
routine DNA fingerprinting and gene sequencing
possible.
Info from:
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Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/
Where do they live?
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Refer to the following website for habitat info:
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http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/
where.aspx
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Where They’re Found
Bacteria can be found virtually everywhere. They are in the air, the soil, and
water, and in and on plants and animals, including us. A single teaspoon of
topsoil contains about a billion bacterial cells (and about 120,000 fungal cells
and some 25,000 algal cells). The human mouth is home to more than 500
species of bacteria.
Some bacteria (along with archaea) thrive in the most forbidding, uninviting
places on Earth, from nearly-boiling hot springs to super-chilled Antarctic
lakes buried under sheets of ice. Microbes that dwell in these extreme habitats
are aptly called extremophiles.
Bacteria live on or in just about every material and environment on Earth
from soil to water to air, and from your house to arctic ice to volcanic vents.
Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single
teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria.
What do they eat?
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Refer to the following website:
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http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/e
at.aspx
What they eat..
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Some bacteria are photosynthetic (foe-toe-sin-theh-tick)—
they can make their own food from sunlight, just like
plants. Also like plants, they give off oxygen. Other
bacteria absorb food from the material they live on or
in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual "foods"
such as iron or sulfur. The microbes that live in your
gut absorb nutrients from the digested food you've
eaten.
Many more interesting facts about bacteria can be
found throughout the Microbe website, so keep clicking
and reading.
How do they move?
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Refer to the following website:
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http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/
move.aspx
Movement:
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How They Move
Some bacteria have hair- or whip-like appendages called flagella used to
‘swim’ around. Others produce thick coats of slime and ‘glide’ about. Some
stick out thin, rigid spikes called fimbriae to help hold them to surfaces. Some
contain little particles of minerals that orient with the planet’s magnetic fields
to help the bacteria figure out whether they’re swimming up or down.
Bacterium with flagella
Harwood, ASM MicrobeLibrary
Some bacteria move about their environment by means of long, whip-like
structures called flagella. They rotate their flagella like tiny outboard motors
to propel themselves through liquid environments. They may also reverse the
direction in which their flagella rotate so that they tumble about in one place.
Other bacteria secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs. Others
are fairly stationary.
Examples of bacterial diseases
which affect Saskatchewan
organisms –
2.4
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Lyme Disease:
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Lyme disease is a serious bacterial infection caused
by a tick bite and affects humans and animals.
http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Oasis/6455/saskatchewan-links.html
Resources
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Meet the Microbes:
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UCMP – All exhibits:
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http://www.microbeworld.rg/microbes/bacteria/
Timeline:
http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timeline1.aspx
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php
Bacteria: Images and short info
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http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm