Chapter 3
Matter
Chapter 3
Table of Contents
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Elements and Compounds
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Separation of Mixtures
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Section 3.1
Matter
Matter
•
•
Anything occupying space and having mass.
Matter exists in three states.



Solid
Liquid
Gas
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Section 3.1
Matter
The Three States of Water
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Section 3.1
Matter
Solid
•
•
•
Rigid
Has a fixed volume and shape.
Examples:
 Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
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Section 3.1
Matter
Liquid
•
•
•
Has a definite volume but no specific shape.
Assumes shape of container.
Examples:
 Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood
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Section 3.1
Matter
Liquid Water Takes the Shape of Its Container
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Section 3.1
Matter
Gas
•
•
•
Has no fixed volume or shape.
Takes the shape and volume of its container.
Examples:
 Air, helium, natural gas, oxygen
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Physical Properties
•
•
•
The characteristics of matter that can be changed
without changing its composition or doesn’t involve
changing its composition. It’s an adjective.
Characteristics that are directly observable.
Examples:
 Odor, color, volume, state (s, l, or g), density,
melting point, and boiling point
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Chemical Properties
•
•
A substance’s ability to form new substances.
The characteristics that determine how the
composition of matter changes as a result of
contact with other matter or the influence of
energy. It’s an adjective.
• Characteristics that describe the behavior of
matter.
• Examples:
 Flammability, steel
will rust, and Food will
digest
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical
or chemical property.
physical
 Ethyl alcohol will boil at 78°C
physical
 Hardness of a diamond
 Sugar will ferment to form ethyl alcohol chemical
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Physical Change
•
Change in the form of a substance, not in its
chemical composition. It’s a verb.
• Example:
 Boiling or freezing water
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Chemical Change
•
A given substance becomes a new substance
or substances with different properties and
different composition. It’s a verb.
• Example:
 Bunsen burner (methane
reacts with oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water)
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Electrolysis of Water
Burning of Wood
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Electrolysis of Water
•
Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen
gases.
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
How many of the following are examples of a
chemical change?




Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt
Burning of wood
Dissolving of sugar in water
Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
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Section 3.2
1
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Separate by
Chemical
Processes
-burning
-fermentation
-rusting
Matter
Pure Substances
Elements
(atoms)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Copper
Zinc
Separate by
Physical
Processes
-filtering
-distillation
-centrifuging
Compounds
(molecules)
Water
Alcohol
Sugar
Salt
Mixtures
Homogeneous
(solutions)
Air
Sodas
Ocean Water
Alcoholic drinks
Heterogeneous
(most things)
Granite
Sand
Wood
Orange Juice
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical
or chemical change.
 Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol chemical
 Iron metal melting
physical
 Iron combining with oxygen to form rust chemical
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Element
•
A substance that cannot be broken down into
other substances by chemical methods.
• Examples:
 Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and
hydrogen (H2)
• All of the matter in the world around us
contains elements.
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Pure Substances
•
Always have the same composition and
are formed by chemical processes.
• Either elements or compounds.
• Examples:
 Pure water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2),
hydrogen (H2), gold (Au)
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Compound
•
A substance composed of a given combination
of elements that can be broken down into those
elements by chemical methods.
• Examples:
 Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table
sugar (C12H22O11)
• A compound always contains atoms of different
elements.
• A compound always has the same composition
(same combination of atoms).
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Concept Check
How many of the following are compounds?
H2O, N2, NaOH, MnO2, H2
Three – H2O, NaOH, MnO2
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Mixtures
•
•
Have variable composition.
Examples
 Wood, wine, coffee, granite
• Can be separated into pure substances:
elements and/or compounds using physical
processes.
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Homogeneous Mixture
•
•
•
•
Same throughout.
Having visibly indistinguishable parts.
A solution.
Does not vary in composition from one region
to another.
Apple Juice
Cranberry Juice
Orange Juice
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Homogeneous Mixture – Examples
•
•
•
Air around you
Brass
Table salt stirred into water
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Mixture
•
•
Having visibly distinguishable parts.
Contains regions that have different properties
from those of other regions.
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Mixture – Examples
•
•
Oil and vinegar dressing
Sand stirred into water
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?





Pure water
Gasoline
Jar of jelly beans
Soil
Copper metal
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
•
Mixtures can be separated based on different physical
properties of the components.
Different Physical Property
Technique
Boiling point
Distillation
State of matter
(solid/liquid/gas)
Adherence to a surface
Chromatography
Volatility
Evaporation
Filtration
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation of a Solution Consisting of Salt Dissolved in Water
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
•
No chemical change occurs when salt water is
distilled.
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
The Organization of Matter
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Filtration
•
Separates a liquid from a
solid.
Reverse Osmosis
•
Separates a liquid from a
solution. See Chapter 15.
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Maxwell House decaffeinates its
coffee using pure water and
natural effervescence. (1978)
See Chapter 15.
SCF unit
A method of making reduced oil content in food chip
products, such as potato chips and corn chips, includes
circulating liquid carbon dioxide, over the food chip
products to extract oil. Reduction of oil content to less
than 50% of its initial value, including reductions to 25%,
may be achieved while retaining flavor and texture
comparable to conventional deep fried chips having an
oil content of 30% to 40%. The oil which
is recovered from the liquid carbon dioxide
used for extraction has an appearance and
quality which are substantially the same as
virgin frying oil and may be reused to deep
fry chips.
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