Chapter: 07
Telecommunications, The Internet and Wireless Technology
1. Question: What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key
networking technologies?
Answer:
The principal components of telecommunications networks:
Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of information over
distances. The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or
video. Today, telecommunications are used to organize more or less remote computer systems
into telecommunications networks. These networks themselves are run by computers.
A telecommunications network is an arrangement of computing and telecommunications
resources for communication of information between distant locations.
A telecommunications network includes the following components:
Hub or
switch
Computers
Network
operating
System
software
Network
Interfaces
A
connection
medium
Figure: principal components of a simple computer network
1. Computer: Computers that process information and are interconnected by the network
2. Network Interface: Each computer on the network contains a network interface device
called a network interface card (NIC).
3. A Connection medium: The connection medium for linking network components can be a
telephone wire, Coaxial cable or radio signal in the case of cell phone and wireless local
area networks.
4. Network operating System software: The network operating system (NOS) routes and
manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources.
5. Hub or switch: Hubs are very simple service that connects network components, sending
packet of data to all other connected data.
Figure: components of a simple computer network
Key networking technologies: There are three key digital networking technologies. Such
as:
Client/Server
computing
TCP/IP and
Connectivity
Packet
switching
Figure: Key digital networking technologies
1. Client/Server computing: Client/server computing is a distributed computing model in which
much of the processing power is located within small, inexpensive client computers.
 Distributed computing model
 Largest implementation of client/server computing
2. Packet Switching: In packet-switched networks, messages are first broken down into small
bundles of data called packets. Packet switching makes more efficient use of the
communications capacity of a network.
 Packet switching more efficient use of network’s communications capacity
3.
TCP/IP and Connectivity: TCP/IP is the communications protocol used by the Internet and
all Internet devices. TCP/IP provides for breaking up digital messages into packets, routing
them to the proper addresses, and then reassembling them into coherent messages.
 Connectivity between computers enabled by protocols
 TCP/IP Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet
 Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP
– Four layers
1. Application layer
2. Transport layer
3. Internet layer
4. Network interface layer
So, we can say that, the principal components of telecommunications networks and key
networking technologies are uses any CIS organization to follow the employee.
3 Ques: How does the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support
communication and e-business?
Answer: An Internet means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the
world via dedicated routers and servers. Technically, the Internet is a global information system
defined by three characteristics which are:
1) A network composed of computers and other devices that are logically linked together by a
unique address space based on the Internet Protocol.
2) A network where network devices are able to support communications using TCP/IP or other
compatible protocols.
3) A network that provides high-level services layered on a communication and network
infrastructure.
 Internet Addressing, Architecture, and Governance
 The Domain Name System: The domain name system (DNS) converts IP
address to more user friendly domain names
 Hierarchical structure
 Top-level domains
 Internet Architecture and Governance
 No formal management: IAB, ICANN, W3C
 The Future Internet
 IPv6 and Internet2
They support communication and e businesses are:
Major Internet Services
• E-mail: Person-to-person messaging; document sharing
• Usenet newsgroups: Discussion groups on electronic bulletin boards
• LISTSERVs: Discussion groups using e-mail mailing list servers
• Chatting and instant messaging: Interactive conversations
• Telnet: Logging on to one computer system and doing work on another
• FTP: Transferring files from computer to computer
• World Wide Web: Retrieving, formatting, and displaying information (including text,
audio, graphics, and video) using hypertext links.
Client/server computing on the Internet
The Internet and Business Value
The World Wide Web:
• Hypertext
• Web servers
• Searching for information on the Web
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): A virtual private network based on the Internet Protocol
provides a secure connection between two points across the Internet, enabling private
communications to travel securely over the public infrastructure.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
So, we can say that, the internet and internet technology are work and support communication
and r-business are common internet technology in the MIS organization and follow this
technology and develop the work business.
4 Ques: What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking,
communication, and Internet access?
Answer
The principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and
Internet access are: Cellular networks are evolving toward high-speed, high-brandwidth, digital
packet switched transmission.
– Competing standards for cellular service
• CDMA: United States
• GSM: Rest of world, plus AT&T and T-Mobile
– Third-generation (3G) networks
• Suitable for broadband Internet access
• 144 Kbps – 2Mbps
– 4G networks
• Entirely packet-switched
• 100 Mbps – 1Gbps
Wireless computer networks and Internet access: Standards for wireless
computer a network includes are:
Bluetooth
WiMax
Wi-Fi
Figure: Wireless computer networks and Internet access
1. Bluetooth: Bluetooth enables a variety of devices, including cell phones, PDAs,
wireless keyboards and mice, PCs, and printers, to interact wirelessly with each other
within a small 30-foot (10-meter) area.
 Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area
 Useful for personal networking (PANs) and in business to transmit data from
handheld devices to other transmitters
2. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi" is a type of wireless networking protocol that allows devices to
communicate without cords or cables. Wi-Fi is technically an industry term that
represents a type of wireless local area network (LAN) protocol based on the 802.11
IEEE network standard.
 Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
 Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
 Weak security features
3. WiMax: wireless technology that provides wireless internet service over longer
distances than standard Wi-Fi. WiMax is based on standard IEEE 802.16 technology and
can provide broadband wireless access up to 30 miles. WiMax uses fixed and mobile
stations to provide users with access to high-speed voice, data, and Internet connectivity.
 Wireless access range of 31 miles
 Require WiMax antennas
Chapter 12
Enhancing decision making
1 Ques: What are the different types of decisions and how does the decision-making
process work?
Answer:
Types of Decisions: Decisions are made at all levels of the firm. Some decisions are
very common and routine but exceptionally valuable. Although the value of improving any
single one of these decisions may be small, improving hundreds of thousands of these small
decisions adds up to a large annual value. Improving hundreds of thousands of “small” decisions
adds up to large annual value for the business.
There are 3 types of decisions. Decisions are classified as Structured, Semistructured, and
unstructured.
.
Figure: Types of Decisions
1. Unstructured: Decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation, and insight to
solve problem. Example: Managing Director
 Make many unstructured decisions
 Should we enter a new market?
2. Structured: Repetitive and routine; involve definite procedure for handling so
they do not have to be treated each time as new. Example: Manager
 Make more structured decisions but these may include unstructured
components
3. Semistructured: Only part of problem has clear-cut answer provided by accepted
procedure: Security, Supervisor.
 Make more structured decisions
The Decisions Making Process: Making a decision is a multistep process. There are
4 decision making process. There are:
Figure: The Decisions Making Process
1. Intelligence: Discovering, identifying, and understanding the problems occurring in the
organization
 Consists of identifying and understanding a problem
2. Design: Identifying and exploring solutions to the problem
 Involves exploring various solutions
3. Choice: Consists of choosing among available solutions
4. Implementation: Involves making the chosen alternative work and monitoring how the
solution is working.
3 Questions: How do business intelligence and business analytics support decision
making?
Business Intelligence: Business intelligence (BI) is a set of theories, methodologies,
architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information
for business purposes.
– Infrastructure for collecting, storing, analyzing data produced by business
– Databases, data warehouses, data marts
Business Analytics: Business analytics (BA) refers to the skills, technologies, applications
and practices for continuous iterative exploration and investigation of past business performance
to gain insight and drive business planning.
– Tools and techniques for analyzing data
– OLAP, statistics, models, data mining
The Business Intelligence Environment: There are six elements in the business
intelligence environment
1.
Data from the business environment
2. Business intelligence infrastructure
3. Business analytics toolset
4. Managerial users and methods
5. Delivery platform – MIS, DSS, ESS
6. User interface
Business Intelligence Users
– Goal is to deliver accurate real-time information to decisionmakers
– Main functionalities of BI systems
1. Production reports
2. Parameterized reports
3. Dashboards/scorecards
4. Ad hoc query/search/report creation
5. Drill down
6. Forecasts, scenarios, models
5 questions: What is the role of information systems in helping people working in a group
make decisions more efficiently?
• Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS): Group-Decision Support Systems (GDSSs)
are a class of electronic meeting systems, a collaboration technology designed to
support meetings and group work. GDSS are distinct from computer supported
cooperative work (CSCW) technologies as GDSS are more focused on task support,
whereas CSCW tools provide general communication support
– Interactive system to facilitate solution of unstructured problems
by group
– Specialized hardware and software; typically used in conference
rooms
• Overhead projectors, display screens
• Software to collect, rank, edit participant ideas and responses
• May require facilitator and staff
– Enables increasing meeting size and increasing productivity
– Promotes collaborative atmosphere, guaranteeing anonymity
– Uses structured methods to organize and evaluate ideas
Others features are




Organizing ideas
Gathering information
Making and setting priorities
Documenting meeting sessions.
Lavlu Ahmed
Inatake: 27th