ADVANCED SECURITY PRACTICES
AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
(LABOUR DISPUTE AND ROLES OF
SECURITY @ Bank of Ghana)
BY
BON SOH, KWABENA D A VID
DATA & CRIME ECOLOGICAL ANALYST
+233266301900
+233543946466
debons300@yahoo.com
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Intents of Study
To establish the relationship between Industrial
Relations and Labour Disputes
Have a basic overview of critical thinking
Recommend coherent strategies to prevent
threat and crime
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Official Reference: Labour Act 651 of 2003 (Ghana)
Industrial Relations (IRs)
ЖIndustrial relations may be referred as the art of living together for
purposes of production
ЖThe relations do not constitute a simple relationships;
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Historical
Economical
Social
Psychological
Demographic (age, age, sex, etc)
Technological
Political
Legal and other variables.
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IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Uninterrupted Productivity: Industrial relations ensures continuity of production
(uninterrupted flow of benefits within the organisation)
Reduction in Industrial Disputes: reduce industrial unrests; since disputes are
reflections of failure of basic human motivations to secure adequate satisfaction (at
work place)
High Morale: Good IRs improve employees spirits. (i.e. employee work with great
zeal to increase production)
Discourages Unfair Practices: Cordial IRs dejects unfair practices on part of both
management and unions, (thus create peaceful working atmosphere for both sides)
Economic Growth & Development: Effective IRs lead to increase in efficiency and
high productivity which ultimately result in economic growth
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IR Don’t Function in Vacuum
Institutional Factors
•State policy labour laws
•Voluntary codes
•Collective agreements
•Labour unions
•Employers’ organizations
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IR Don’t Function in Vacuum
Economic Factors
Economic organizations (socialist, capitalist, communist, individual
ownership, company ownership, government ownership)
Technological Factors
Techniques of production, modernization and rationalization, capital
structure.
External Factors
International relations, global conflicts, etc
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INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Ex Nihilo, Nihil Fit (“Out of Nothing, Nothing Comes”)
Everything we know of has a beginning and was caused to exist by
something else. In the same vein, there are definite causes for various
industrial disputes.
Labour disputes are recognised as inevitable product of conflict of interest
between management, government or labour unions.
Causes
i.
Mistakes
ii.
Hatred
iii.
Political cunnings
iv.
Weak management
v.
Poor institutional arrangement, etc (Fudenberg et al., 1985 )
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WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES?
Disagreements
between
organized
workers
and
the
employer(s)
regarding the administration of workers' working conditions, wages,
hours of work, etc, in the workplace
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RELATED TERMINOLOGIES IN
LABOUR DISPUTES
Agreement: Bargain reached on
issues by unionized labours’ and
their employer(s) through collective
negotiating (between organized
workers and the employer(s)
regarding the workers' working
conditions, wages, hours of work)
Lockout: Padlocking of workplace
and suspension of work by the
employer refusing the workers entry
into the premises of the workplace
Picketing: Protests, demonstrations
and complaints organized outside the
Strike: Action(s) of withholding
services by worker(s) as a means of workplace by workers on strike (not
protest to make the employer adhere less than ten meters away from the
work place)
to the terms of the Collective
Agreements.
Picketing is unlawful (when
conducted at a place less than ten
meters away from the workplace)
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Types of Industrial Disputes
Industrial disputes
Strikes
Walkout
Lock-outs
Sit-down
Tool-down
Economic
Whipsaw
Slowdown
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Wildcat
Sympathy
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CRITICAL THINKING FOR INDUSTRIAL &
SECURITY ANALYSIS
Critical thinking is a careful reasoning about what to believe and
therefore what to do
Being careful implies an intentional consideration of a responsible
attitude toward, ideas, values, etc
Being comprehensive requires, among other things, an appreciation of
the scope and depth of the issue in question, of the complexities of the
issue.
Critical thinking is a skill. It’s not something you can just memorize or
look up.
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CRITICAL THINKING MODEL
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THE ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL
THINKING
Cognitive strategies—micro-skills
Comparing and contrasting ideals with actual practice
Thinking precisely about thinking: using critical vocabulary
Noting significant similarities and differences
Examining or evaluating assumptions
Distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts
Making credible inferences, predictions, or interpretations
Giving reasons and evaluating evidence and alleged facts
Recognizing contradictions
Exploring implications and consequences.
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Cognitive strategies — macro-skills
Refining generalizations and avoiding oversimplifications
Comparing parallel situations: transferring insights to new contexts
Clarifying issues, conclusions, or beliefs
Developing criteria for evaluation: clarifying values and standards
Evaluating the credibility of sources of information
Questioning deeply: raising and pursuing root or significant questions
Analyzing or evaluating arguments, interpretations, beliefs, or theories
Generating or assessing solutions
Analyzing or evaluating actions or policies
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Cognitive strategies — macro-skills
Reading critically: clarifying or assessing texts
Listening critically: the art of silent dialogue
Making interdisciplinary connections
Practicing Socratic discussion: clarifying and questioning beliefs,
theories, or Perspectives
Reasoning dialogically: comparing perspectives, interpretations, or
theories
Reasoning dialectically: evaluating perspectives, interpretations, or
theories.
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Logical Reasoning
In fact, good critical thinking takes emotion into account. Consider the following two
arguments:
This child is afraid of the dark.
Children who are afraid should be comforted.
Therefore, this child should be comforted.
I’m afraid they’ll hurt me if I don’t co-operate.
I should trust my fears; I believe they’re well-founded.
Therefore I should believe they’ll hurt me if I don’t co-operate.
I don’t want to be hurt by them.
Therefore I should co-operate with them.
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ROLES AND ACTIONS OF SECURITY
DURING LABOUR DISPUTE
Sources of Information Prior Labour Dispute/Strike
Information from Union Leader or from the secretary of the Union
Informants including Security personnel who attended their
meetings
Workers' reaction to management intentions, decisions and
policies
Observing negative activities, agitations, informal large grouping
and gathering
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Prior Intelligence Gathering
The security must provide managements (Bank of Ghana) with
information about the pending action (strike) prior to its occurrence
concerning:
The source and nature of the dispute
Key leaders (by name and position)
The starting and ending day planned (likely duration)
Whether violence is anticipated
Any positive counter-actors opposed to the action **
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Security Actions During Strikes
i.
Inform the Police, the Fire Service and the Ambulance Service
ii.
Secure all gates and doors, windows and draw curtains
iii. Deploy and position patrols around and within the perimeter
iv. Check fire fighting equipment in readiness for flammable objects
and fire touches being thrown into the inner perimeter
v.
Take photographs of criminal scenes from secure areas
vi. Temporary ID cards for loyalists may become necessary
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AERIAL & ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
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SECURITY AND CROWD MANAGEMENT
Casual Crowd- a group of people showing no group behavior but
merely of contact.
Psychological Crowd- an assemblage of people who have common
intent or respond emotionally to the same stimuli
A.
Security officials must not totally interfere with the holding of a
strike. However to adequately ensure safety, the security officers
may be detailed and stationed within and around 100 meters of the
area.
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Cont.
B. Members of the law enforcement contingent must not carry
any kind of firearms but may be equipped with baton or riot
sticks, shields, crash helmets with visor, gas masks, boots or
ankle high shoes with shin guards.
C. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or any similar
anti-riot device must not be used unless violence or serious
threats of violence, or deliberate destruction of property.
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SECURITY RULES AND TYPES OF
FORMATION FOR CROWD MANAGEMENT
Should always be in unit
Officers must always be at the rear (hindmost/back)
No members of the crowd must allowed into the rear
Contact must be avoided
Retreat should always be made in formation (men facing toward the
crowd)
Changes in formation should always be done in quick manner.
Should converge on the spot and subdue the rioters.
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Stand By Formation
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Single Line Formation
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Double Line Formation
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Wedge Formation
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U Formation
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Arrow Formation
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Closed Formation
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Push Formation
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Cover Formation
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PROVISIONS FROM THE CRIMINAL CODE THAT
MAY BE APPLIED TO CRIMINAL ACTS
Although peaceful strikes are protected by law as democratic
expression and protest, industrial dispute may
be accompanied by
violence; and crimes associated with strike, or lockout are illegal.
Section(s) 23 - Conspiracy: The agreement by TWO or more persons
with a common purpose to commit a crime.
201 & 202 - Unlawful Assembly: The gathering by THREE or more
persons with the common agreement and purpose to breach the, peace
or likely to provoke other people.
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Cont.
196 -200 - Riot: Action by FIVE or more persons together in public or
private place who begin or attempt to do or use violence to carryout
action(a)
(b) to resist or obstruct the execution of legal process or authority
(c) or to facilitate by force or by show of force or force of numbers, for a
common purpose
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Cont.
187 (1) - Mutiny: (an open rebellion against the proper authorities,
especially by soldiers against their officers) The charge of mutiny is
related only to personnel subject to military law; but civilians may be
charged under this Criminal code Section 187 for abetting mutiny
22 - Duty to prevent Crime and Felony (crime involving violence)
22 – Ignorance is acceptable only if there is NO law (rules, regulations,
policies) portraying the act as criminal
36 - Justifiable use of force in arrest, detention or recapture of any
person, according to law
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Cont.
174: Illustration: Causing fire(arson)
179 A (3a) - Willfully causing financial loss to the state
179 A (3b) - Endangering the security of the state
205 – Assault on public officer
239-245 – Corruption and bribery (willing to act dishonestly in return for money or
personal gain) (dishonestly persuade (someone) to act in one’s favour by a payment or
other inducement)
296-297 – Throwing rubbish on the street
296 (3-4) – Defacing posters and notices; or affixing illegal posters
298 - Disturbing public peace
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INFERENCE
Even though theoretical studies is crucial as far as security is concern,
however more emphasis should be laid Acquisition of Tools for
effective monitoring
In furtherance, Critical Thinking should be the ultimate solution to
recent security analysis so as to deal with complex issues
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THANK YOU
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