AP WORLD HISTORY
REVIEW
1450-1750
During the post-classical period, societies in the Americas:
 A) remained entirely separate from those of the Old
World.
 B) experienced the initial contacts that led eventually to
European invasion of the New World.
 C) failed to develop imperial forms of government—a
failure that mirrored European society.
 D) were united under a single government.
 E) abandoned Central America and migrated north.
And the answer is

A) remained entirely separate from those of the
Old World.
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of
American civilizations during the post-classic period?
 A) large cities based on elaborate political and
economic organization
 B) elaborate cultural systems
 C) monotheism
 D) highly developed agriculture
 E) diverse civilizations
And the answer is

C) monotheism
The northern nomadic peoples who entered central
Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacán were
the:
 A) Aztecs.
 B) Incas.
 C) Olmecs.
 D) Toltecs.
 E) Maya.
And the answer is

D) Toltecs
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The Toltec capital was established at
A) Teotihuacán.
B) Tula.
C) Tenochtitlán.
D) Twantinsuyu.
E) Tlotelolco.
And the answer is

B) Tula.
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What was the relationship between the Toltecs and their
predecessors in central Mexico?
A) The former residents of central Mexico were wiped out during the
Toltec invasions.
B) The entry of the Toltecs into central Mexico marks an abrupt
break in the cultural development of the region.
C) The Toltecs adopted the animistic religion of their predecessors,
but failed to develop cities or ceremonial centers.
D) The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their
predecessors to which they added a strongly military ethic and
human sacrifice.
E) The Toltec rejected all vestiges of previous societies.
And the answer is

D) The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from
their predecessors to which they added a strongly
military ethic and human sacrifice.
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How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements
of the Toltecs?
A) as barbarians who lacked culture
B) as slaves, fit only for conquest
C) as the givers of
D) as heretics, who practiced a forbidden religion
E) the Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs
And the answer is

C) as the givers of
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The Toltec empire lasted until about what date?
A) 1000
B) 1150
C) 1236
D) 1434
E) 1521
And the answer is

B) 1150
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After the sack of Tula, the center of population and
political power in Mexico shifted to:
A) Yucatan.
B) the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of
lakes in that basin.
C) Teotihuacán.
D) Chimor.
E) the southern Pacific coast.
And the answer is

B) the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of
lakes in that basin.
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The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers
of central Mexico were the:
A) Olmecs.
B) Maya.
C) Incas.
D) Aztecs.
E) Quechua.
And the answer is

D) Aztecs.
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Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the
central valley of Mexico?
A) 1000
B) 1150
C) 1325
D) 1434
E) 932
And the answer is

C) 1325
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In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs
in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the
political organization of the region?
A) imperial
B) regional kingdoms
C) city-states
D) hunting and gathering groups
E) a large confederation
And the answer is

C) city-states
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Which of the following was NOT one of the cities
challenging for dominance at the time of the Aztec
arrival in the valley of Mexico?
A) Teotihuacán
B) Azcapotzalco
C) Culhuacan
D) Texcoco
E) Tlacopan
And the answer is

A) Teotihuacán
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What city did the Aztecs establish ca. 1325 on a
marshy island in Lake Texcoco?
A) Teotihuacán
B) Culhuacan
C) Texcoco
D) Tenochtitlán
E) Chinampa
And the answer is
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D) Tenochtitlán
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In what year did Tenochtitlán emerge as the
dominant force in the central plateau that it
controlled along with Texcoco and Tlacopan?
A) 1100
B) 1234
C) 1325
D) 1434
E) 1400
And the answer is
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D) 1434
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Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of
the Aztec rise to power?
A) the increasing dominance of the nobility
B) the emergence of a ruler with supreme powers
C) the abandonment of human sacrifice
D) the subsequent expansion of power and the
boundaries of Aztec control
E) a highly urbanized society
And the answer is

C) the abandonment of human sacrifice
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What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the
Aztec social system?
A) From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a
stratified society.
B) Conquest opened up Aztec society to incursions by the
indigenous peoples who began to form a trained
bureaucracy.
C) Aztec society was transformed in the sense that the
Mexica adopted the social patterns of the Maya.
D) Despite the stress of warfare and invasion, the Aztec
society remained remarkably unchanged by the process.
E) Aztec social institutions became more inclusive.
And the answer is
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A) From a loose association of clans, Aztec society
became a stratified society.
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The Aztec prime minister responsible for the
expansion of human sacrifice and the rewriting of
previous histories was:
A) Ahuitzotl.
B) Moctezuma II.
C) Dacaelel.
D) Quetzalcoatl.
E) Xipe Totec.
And the answer is
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C) Dacaelel
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Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion
is most accurate?
A) Shortly after establishing their empire, the Aztecs
abandoned all gods other than their patron, Huitzilopochtli.
B) Aztec deities were normally associated only with male
forms.
C) Aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or
manifestations somewhat like the avatars of the Hindu
deities.
D) There was little or no animism in the religious world of the
Aztecs.
E) Tonatiuh and Tezcatlipoca became the paramount gods.
And the answer is
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C) Aztec deities were numerous and had different
forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars
of the Hindu deities.
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Which of the following was NOT one of the major
themes or cults of Aztec religion?
A) gods of fertility
B) creator deities
C) gods of warfare and sacrifice
D) deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
E) the agricultural cycle
And the answer is
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D) deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
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The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and
the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was:
A) Quetzalcoatl.
B) Tlaloc.
C) Tonatiuh.
D) Huitzilopochtli
E) Chaco
And the answer is

D) Huitzilopochtli
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What was the Aztec view of history?
A) They believed in a linear view of history dedicated to the
premise of Aztec superiority for eternity.
B) Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in
a cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world.
C) Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs rejected
the cyclical view of history for a more modern historical view
based on the history of their empire.
D) Because they lacked a calendar system, the Aztecs had
no formal historical viewpoint.
E) They believed in a linear history ending with their total
destruction.
And the answer is
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B) Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs
believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive
destructions of the world.
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Which of the following statements concerning the Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlán is NOT accurate?
A) It was built on an island in the middle of a lake.
B) By 1519 it probably had a population of about
150,000.
C) Despite the existence of thousands of houses and
other varieties of domestic architecture, unlike other
Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.
D) The city was divided into more than 60 wards
controlled by kinship groups.
E) It was larger than Paris or Seville.
And the answer is
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C) Despite the existence of thousands of houses and
other varieties of domestic architecture, unlike other
Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.
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The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the
aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico
was the development of:
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) Pochteca.
And the answer is

A) chinampas.
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What was the nature of the Aztec economy?
A) The Aztecs failed to develop a merchant class, so all
distribution of goods was carried out by the state.
B) The Aztecs developed a free market economy in which all
trade was in the hands of specialized merchants.
C) The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as
tribute, but there was a specialized merchant class that also
handled long-distance trade in rare commodities.
D) There was little trade within Aztec society, as almost all
communities were self-sufficient.
E) The Aztec traded the entire length of the inhabited Pacific
coast.
And the answer is
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C) The Aztec state redistributed many goods
received as tribute, but there was a specialized
merchant class that also handled long-distance
trade in rare commodities.
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One of the most permanent features of Aztec
society was its organization into clans or:
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) pok-ta-pok.
And the answer is
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D) calpulli.
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) Which of the following was NOT a function of the
Aztec kinship groups?
A) assignment of people to cult groups
B) distributing land to household heads
C) organizing labor units for state service
D) organizing military units for warfare
E) maintaining temples and schools
And the answer is
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A) assignment of people to cult groups
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Closely identified with the cult of sacrifice and the
military, the Aztec social hierarchy developed a
nobility referred to as the:
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) pochteca.
And the answer is

B) pipiltin
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Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec view of
marriage and the family?
A) virginity at marriage was highly regarded for young
women
B) polygamy was common throughout society
C) marriages were often arranged between lineages
D) young girls were often trained by the older women
of the calpulli
E) mayeques rarely married into noble families
And the answer is
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B) polygamy was common throughout society
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While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of
women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what
was the significant difference between the life of women in
Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world?
A) Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the military.
B) There was no polygamy practiced in Mesoamerica.
C) Aztec women were unable to inherit or to pass property on to
heirs.
D) The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined women to many
more hours grinding grain for food.
E) Peasant women were more highly educated in Mesoamerica.
And the answer is
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D) The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined
women to many more hours grinding grain for food.
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What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject
territories?
A) The Aztecs placed members of the Aztec nobility as rulers over
subject peoples.
B) All territories conquered by the Aztecs became part of a singular
administration run by a trained bureaucracy located in
Tenochtitlán—much like the Byzantine Empire.
C) Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under
their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and
paid tribute.
D) The Aztecs established a military administration with subject
territories controlled by regional generals.
E) Aztecs rarely collected tribute from subject territories.
And the answer is
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C) Conquered territories were often left relatively
unchanged under their old rulers as long as they
recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute.
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The image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized
system in which every community
collectively contributed to the whole and the state
regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of
need is referred to as
A) Inca despotism.
B) Indian utilitarianism.
C) Inca socialism.
D) utopian positivism.
E) Mesoamerican capitalism.
And the answer is
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C) Inca socialism.
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Which of the following views of the Aztec practice of human
sacrifice can be associated with Marvin Harris’s interpretation of the
“cannibal kingdom”?
A) The incidence of human sacrifice was grossly exaggerated by the
Spanish for political purposes.
B) It was an essentially religious act central to their belief that
humans must sacrifice that which was most precious to them in order
to receive the sun, rain, and other blessings.
C) It was the intentional manipulation of a traditional practice to
terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate.
D) It was a response to the lack of available protein in the form of
large mammals.
E) It was immoral and unnecessary.
And the answer is
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D) It was a response to the lack of available protein
in the form of large mammals.
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What was the primary difference in the political situation between
the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the
classical states?
A) In Mesoamerica there was no real political decline as new
peoples simply took over the institutions of their predecessors.
B) In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued
to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was
typical of Mesoamerica.
C) The Andean political experience lacked the militaristic overtones
that accompanied the breakdown of power in Mesoamerica.
D) The transition of power that took place in the Andean zone was
accomplished by invasion from outside the region.
E) The Andean region was more compact and therefore quickly
reunited.
And the answer is
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B) In the Andean zones a number of relatively large
states continued to be important, rather than the
breakdown of power that was typical of
Mesoamerica.
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The most powerful of the Andean states between
900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco
and Huari was:
A) Chimor.
B) Titicaca.
C) Topac Yupanqui.
D) Chichen Itza.
E) Chavin.
And the answer is

A) Chimor.
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The capital of the Inca empire was:
A) Cuzco.
B) Chan Chan.
C) Tihuanaco.
D) Chichen Itza.
E) Cajamarca.
And the answer is

A) Cuzco.
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The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of
the Inca empire in 1438 was:
A) Topac Yupanqui.
B) Ahuitzotl.
C) Pachacuti.
D) Moctezuma II.
E) Viracocha.
And the answer is

C) Pachacuti.
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What do the authors suggest was the principal
reason for Inca conquest and expansion?
A) their need for human sacrificial victims
B) the practice of split inheritance
C) the absence of irrigation systems within the Inca
empire
D) the existence of long-distance trade merchants
within the imperial administration
E) the cult of the sun
And the answer is

B) the practice of split inheritance
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What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?
A) On the death of the previous ruler, the throne passed to
two descendants from the ruler’s family.
B) On the death of the previous ruler, the family’s wealth
was equally divided between all male heirs.
C) On the death of the previous ruler, the inheritance passed
through the family of the senior wife to her oldest brother.
D) All political power and titles went to the ruler’s successor,
but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male
descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca’s mummy.
E) All power and wealth was inherited by the eldest son.
And the answer is
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D) All political power and titles went to the ruler’s
successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of
the male descendants to support the cult of the
dead Inca’s mummy.
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) The religious practice most closely associated with
the state and the person of the Inca in Andean
civilization was the cult of:
A) human sacrifice.
B) the rain god.
C) the sun.
D) Quetzalcoatl.
E) Twantinsuyu.
And the answer is

C) the sun.
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Which of the following was utilized in the Inca
empire, but NOT by the Aztecs?
A) a semi-divine emperor
B) extensive use of colonization
C) use of local rulers in exchange for recognition of
sovereignty
D) identification of the nobility with the
administrative and military functions of the state
E) elaborate road systems
And the answer is

B) extensive use of colonization
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Which of the following existed in the Aztec empire,
but NOT in the Inca empire?
A) a tribute system
B) redistribution of tribute by the state
C) extraction of labor for use on temple projects
D) an extensive merchant class
E) recognition of local groups and leaders.
And the answer is

D) an extensive merchant class
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What was the Andean principle of inheritance?
A) matrilineal, inheritance passing in the female line
B) patrilineal, inheritance passing in the male line
C) parallel descent, or inheritance passing in both
the male and female lines
D) everything passing to the monarch
E) extended family split inheritances evenly
And the answer is

C) parallel descent, or inheritance passing in both
the male and female lines
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Tambos were:
A) labor turns exacted by the Inca authorities.
B) knotted strings used for record keeping.
C) local rulers.
D) way stations along roads in the Inca empire.
E) mountain passes.
And the answer is
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D) way stations along roads in the Inca empire.
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The Inca nobility were:
A) drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of Cuzco.
B) drawn from the noble ayllus of the conquered
population.
C) not distinguished from the commoners by
appearance or dress.
D) often commoners who distinguished themselves in
battle.
E) equal in status to the yanas.
And the answer is

A) drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of
Cuzco.
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Which of the following represents a cultural
difference between the Incas and Aztecs?
A) monumental architecture
B) no practical use of the wheel
C) lack of a writing system
D) beautiful pottery and cloth
E) relative isolation
And the answer is
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C) lack of a writing system
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In terms of the integration of a centralized empire, how did the Incas and
Aztecs compare?
A) The Aztecs and Incas both made little attempt to integrate conquered
territories and permitted self-rule in return for loyalty and tribute.
B) The Aztecs were more advanced than the Incas in consolidating their
government into an integrated unit.
C) The Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made
conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did
less in this regard.
D) Both the Incas and the Aztecs created fully integrated empires complete
with central bureaucracies and military administrative units that controlled
all conquered regions.
E) To create the empire both allowed little variation from region to region
And the answer is

C) The Incas attempted to create an over-arching
political state and made conscious attempts to
integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs
did less in this regard.
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Which of the following represents a significant
difference between the Andean and Mesoamerican
civilizations?
A) climate and geography
B) kin-based social groups
C) sedentary agricultural systems
D) the existence of a nobility
E) tribute systems
And the answer is
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A) climate and geography
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) Which of the following statements about the
population of the Americas is most true?
A) The population of the Americas is easy to calculate.
B) North America was more densely populated than
Mesoamerica or the Andes.
C) The population of the Americas was nearly the same
as that of contemporary Europe (not including Russia).
D) The early twentieth-century estimate of 8.4 million
still seems the most accurate.
E) most estimates are approximately the same
And the answer is

C) The population of the Americas was nearly the
same as that of contemporary Europe (not including
Russia).
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By 1800, agriculture was:
A) largely diffused throughout the Americas, although
not always in sedentary agricultural communities.
B) virtually unknown outside of the Andean and
Mesoamerican civilization zones.
C) practiced in sedentary communities throughout the
Americas.
D) practiced in sedentary communities and by nomadic
pastoralists throughout the Americas.
E) practiced sparingly outside Mesoamerica.
And the answer is

A) largely diffused throughout the Americas,
although not always in sedentary agricultural
communities.
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Which of the following does NOT represent a
characteristic of most Indian societies other than the
Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?
A) strongly kin-based societies
B) wealth as the basis of social ranking
C) communal action and ownership of resources
D) important social and political roles for women
E) highly urbanized populations
And the answer is

B) wealth as the basis of social ranking
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The period of political disorder and chaotic
warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred
to as the:
A) Warring States era.
B) Era of Division.
C) Jurchen invasion era.
D) Mongol Conquest.
E) Time of Troubles
And the answer is

B) Era of Division.
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Which of the following statements concerning the situation at the end
of the Qin-Han period is most accurate?
A) Aristocratic families rapidly lost ground to the growing influence
of the scholar-gentry.
B) Non-Chinese nomads ruled much of China and a foreign religion,
Buddhism, eclipsed Confucian teachings.
C) The central authority of the imperial government was rapidly
reestablished under the Chou dynasty.
D) Despite the disappearance of imperial unity, the centralized
bureaucracy continued to function as before in the capital of Beijing.
E) Patterns of life established during the Qin-Han era faded rapidly.
And the answer is

B) Non-Chinese nomads ruled much of China and a
foreign religion, Buddhism, eclipsed Confucian
teachings.
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The dynasty that ended the period of political
chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the:
A) Tang.
B) Chou.
C) Song.
D) Sui.
E) Qing.
And the answer is

D) Sui.
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Which of the following statements concerning the
period after the fall of the Han is NOT true?
A) Despite the political chaos, the Great Wall continued
to serve as a barrier to the penetration of nomadic
peoples.
B) Trade and city life declined as the central
government dissipated.
C) With mainly Buddhist exceptions, thought
degenerated into the quest for magical cures.
D) Nomadic peoples raided and conquered across the
north China plain.
E) Chinese technology stagnated during this time.
And the answer is

A) Despite the political chaos, the Great Wall
continued to serve as a barrier to the penetration
of nomadic peoples.






What made possible the rapid revival of empire under
the Tang?
A) the abandonment of Confucianism in favor of the
more widely practiced Buddhism
B) the brevity of the period of political dislocation
C) the willingness of the Tang to abandon traditional
approaches to government
D) the preservation in the many kingdoms of the
Confucian traditions that had been central to Chinese
civilization
E) massive grain imports
And the answer is

D) the preservation in the many kingdoms of the
Confucian traditions that had been central to
Chinese civilization






The man responsible for the creation of the Sui
dynasty was:
A) Xuanzong.
B) Yang Guifei.
C) Wendi.
D) Li Yuan.
E) Li Bo.
And the answer is

C) Wendi.






What made the reunification of China under the
first Sui emperor possible?
A) the support of the nomadic warrior elite
B) the support of the ethnic Chinese aristocracy
C) the support of the Buddhist monasteries
D) the support of the Confucian scholar-gentry
E) the threat of barbarian invasion
And the answer is

A) the support of the nomadic warrior elite






What was the primary reform enacted during the
reign of the first Sui emperor?
A) the reconstruction of the Confucian scholar-gentry
B) persecution of the Buddhists
C) the creation of granaries to relieve the threat of
famine
D) the construction of the Grand Canal
E) the destruction of the Great Wall
And the answer is

C) the creation of granaries to relieve the threat of
famine






Unlike his father, the second Sui emperor favored:
A) the Confucian scholar-gentry.
B) the great Chinese aristocratic families.
C) the Buddhists.
D) nomadic elements in northern China.
E) the Chinese peasants.
And the answer is

A) the Confucian scholar-gentry.
What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty?
 A) nomadic invasions
 B) excessive expenses associated with grandiose
building projects and military campaigns
 C) widespread Buddhist rebellion
 D) the dissatisfaction of the Confucian scholargentry
 E) a deranged emperor
And the answer is

B) excessive expenses associated with grandiose
building projects and military campaigns
Who was the founder of the Tang dynasty?
 A) Yangdi
 B) Li Bo
 C) Li Yuan
 D) Zhao Kuangyin
 E) Niu Su
 Answer: C
And the answer is

C) Li Yuan






) Which of the following statements concerning the extent of the
Tang empire is most accurate?
A) The Tang extended the empire in all directions except westward,
where the Turks remained entirely independent of the Chinese
emperor.
B) The Tang empire was unable to recover the territorial extent of
the Han, but did recover northern areas from the nomads.
C) The Tang empire incorporated India and southeast Asia as well as
the areas north of the Yellow River plain.
D) The Tang built an empire that was far larger than that of the
early Han, an empire whose boundaries in many directions
extended beyond the borders of modern China.
E) The Tang empire stopped expanding and was divided into three
parts.
And the answer is

D) The Tang built an empire that was far larger
than that of the early Han, an empire whose
boundaries in many directions extended beyond the
borders of modern China.






What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward the
Confucian scholar-gentry?
A) The Tang continued to support and patronize the growth
of Buddhism in China at the expense of the Confucian
scholar-gentry.
B) The Tang supported the resuscitation of the Confucian
scholar-gentry, often at the expense of the aristocracy.
C) The Tang feared the development of the scholar-gentry
and continued to support the nomadic aristocracy of China.
D) Confucianism continued to wane during the Tang dynasty
and was only resuscitated under the Song.
E) The scholar-gentry declined while the middle class rose.
And the answer is

B) The Tang supported the resuscitation of the
Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of
the aristocracy.






What ministry of the central imperial government
was responsible for the administration of the
examination system?
A) Rites
B) Public Works
C) Justice
D) War
E) Education
And the answer is

A) Rites






The title of jinshi was reserved for those who:
A) were members of the
B) served in the Chinese military.
C) were members of the imperial family.
D) passed the most difficult exams on all of Chinese
literature.
E) traced their ancestry back to the Han.
And the answer is

D) passed the most difficult exams on all of Chinese
literature.






Which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese
bureaucracy is most accurate?
A) Although a higher percentage of candidates received office
through the examination system than during the Han dynasty, birth
continued to be important in securing high office.
B) Under the Tang family connections ceased to be of significance,
as all candidates received office based on their score in the
examination system.
C) Although the examination system continued to be monitored,
almost all official received positions as a result of family
connections.
D) The examination system was eliminated during the Tang dynasty,
and only members of the imperial family served in the bureaucracy.
E) Only candidates in law were judged solely on their exam scores.
And the answer is

A) Although a higher percentage of candidates
received office through the examination system than
during the Han dynasty, birth continued to be
important in securing high office.







Members of the elite class of China were more
attracted to what variant of Buddhism?
A) Legalist
B) Pure Land
C) Chan
D) Daoist
E) Xuanzong
Answer: C
And the answer is

C) Chan






Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land
Buddhism is NOT accurate?
A) It was a strain of Mahayana Buddhism.
B) It stressed meditation and the appreciation of
natural and artistic beauty.
C) It appealed to members of the mass of Chinese
commoners.
D) It was a salvationist variant of Buddhism.
E) It offered a refuge from war and turmoil.
And the answer is

B) It stressed meditation and the appreciation of
natural and artistic beauty.






What Tang ruler actually attempted to have
Buddhism recognized as a state religion?
A) Yangdi
B) Wendi
C) Gaozu
D) Empress Wu
E) Empress Wei
And the answer is

D) Empress Wu






What proved to be the most damaging attack on Buddhism’s
popularity with the people during the early Tang dynasty?
A) the Buddhists’ insistence on rebellion against the emperor
B) the Confucians’ successful campaign to convince the emperor that
the Buddhist monastic establishment represented an economic threat
C) the aristocracy’s concern that the growing Buddhist monastic
establishment was monopolizing land that otherwise would belong to
them
D) the entry of nomadic invaders who were Islamic during the ninth
century
E) the challenge from Daoism
And the answer is

B) the Confucians’ successful campaign to convince
the emperor that the Buddhist monastic
establishment represented an economic threat






In what decade did open persecution of Buddhism
within the Chinese empire begin?
A) 720s
B) 790s
C) 840s
D) 910s
E) 850s
And the answer is

C) 840s






What was the result of the imperial attempt to suppress Buddhism
within the Chinese empire?
A) Despite official attempts to suppress Buddhism, monastic orders
continued to exert political influence and control landed wealth as
they did in the first decades of Tang rule.
B) Buddhism survived the brief imperial persecution and was
restored as the primary religion of the state during the Song
dynasty.
C) Buddhism survived the repression, but in a reduced state without
the political influence of the early Tang years.
D) Buddhism was eradicated in China by the end of the Tang era
and replaced by the traditional Daoist and Confucian beliefs.
E) Buddhism became a sect of minor importance
And the answer is

C) Buddhism survived the repression, but in a
reduced state without the political influence of the
early Tang years.






What was the impact on Confucianism of the Tang repression of the
Buddhists?
A) Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese
civilization until the twentieth century.
B) Confucianism emerged in a strengthened condition, but still
remained behind Buddhism in the sense of providing a basis for the
intellectual rationale of Chinese civilization.
C) Because Confucian scholar-gentry were associated with the
persecution, Confucianism failed to generate much popular support
outside the imperial government.
D) Confucianism, like Buddhism, declined in popularity, and its place
was taken by Daoism.
E) Confucianism was blended with Buddhism to form a new
philosophy.
And the answer is

A) Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of
Chinese civilization until the twentieth century.






Which of the following was NOT a woman who
gained influence and power during the later years
of the Tang dynasty?
A) Wu
B) Wei
C) Yang Guifei
D) Xuanzong
E) Gaozu
And the answer is

D) Xuanzong






Which of the following was NOT a problem during
the last years of the Tang dynasty?
A) the revolt of An Lushan
B) the entry of nomads into large areas of the
northern China plain
C) the Huang-chao rebellion
D) a Buddhist rebellion in southern China
E) independent rulers collected their own taxes
And the answer is

D) a Buddhist rebellion in southern China






Who was the founder of the Song dynasty?
A) Zhao Kuangyin
B) Xuanzong
C) Li Bo, Duke of Song
D) Xi-Xia
E) Taizu
And the answer is

A) Zhao Kuangyin






The first Song emperor restored the unity of China
EXCEPT for what northern dynasty?
A) Jurchen
B) Silla
C) Liao
D) Hangzhou
E) Jin
And the answer is

C) Liao






How did the Song empire compare to the Tang?
A) The Song empire was greater in territorial extent
than the Tang empire.
B) The Song empire and the Tang empire were virtually
identical in territorial extent.
C) The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent
than the Tang empire.
D) Although approximately the same size, the Song
empire extended farther north than the Tang.
E) The Song was larger than the Tang and Han.
And the answer is

C) The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent
than the Tang empire.






What accounts for the relative weakness of the Song empire?
A) It never succeeded in achieving the degree of centralization that
had typified the Tang empire.
B) The scholar-gentry quickly lost influence under the Song, and the
bureaucracy ceased to function effectively.
C) Lack of agricultural productivity produced a general failure of
the Chinese economy during the Song dynasty.
D) The military was subordinated to the civilian administrators of the
scholar-gentry, leaving the dynasty vulnerable to nomadic dynasties
on the frontier.
E) The military was weakened by the struggle with the Buddhists.
And the answer is

D) The military was subordinated to the civilian
administrators of the scholar-gentry, leaving the
dynasty vulnerable to nomadic dynasties on the
frontier.






Which of the following statements most accurately describes the
position of the scholar gentry under the Song dynasty?
A) The Confucian scholar-gentry continued to exist, but the
examination system weakened noticeably causing the imperial
bureaucracy to depend more and more on the aristocracy.
B) The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its aristocratic and
Buddhist rivals was fully secured in the Song era.
C) The Song emperors came to rely increasingly on the military as
defense of the borders placed less emphasis on the role of
intellectual ideology and more on warfare.
D) The Song continued to rely on the Confucian scholar-gentry, but
more rigorous examination systems resulted in fewer men entering
the civil service as a result of education.
E) The scholar-gentry attempted to revive warlordism.
And the answer is

B) The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its
aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully secured in
the Song era.






Who was the most prominent of the Neo-Confucians
during the Song era?
A) Li Bo
B) Yang Guifei
C) Hangzhou
D) Zhu Xi
E) Zhao
And the answer is

D) Zhu Xi






Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of
the development of Neo-Confucian schools of thought?
A) hostility to foreign philosophical systems like
Buddhism
B) the stifling of innovation and critical thinking in favor
of traditionalism
C) destruction of the mandarins
D) reinforcement of class, age, and gender distinctions
E) historical experiences held to be the most practical
guide to life
And the answer is

C) destruction of the mandarins






Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070s and
1080s attempted to reform Song government on
the basis of what Confucian school of thought?
A) Daoism
B) Shiism
C) Constructionism
D) Legalism
E) Zhao
And the answer is

D) Legalism






Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms
introduced by Wang Anshin in the face of conservative
opposition?
A) the introduction of government-assisted irrigation
projects to encourage agricultural expansion
B) taxation of the landlord and scholarly classes
C) the establishment of well-trained mercenary forces
D) the end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on
the northern border
E) reorganization of university education.
And the answer is

D) the end of tribute payments to nomadic
dynasties on the northern border







What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from
their capital in northern China?
A) the invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the
Qin kingdom
B) the Huang-chao rebellion
C) a rebellion led by a nomadic general, An Lushan
D) extensive flooding in the Yellow River basin
E) attempted takeover by the Khitans
Answer: A
And the answer is

A) the invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the
Qin kingdom






Why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary?
A) Major river systems in China ran from north to south, and
the canal was necessary to connect the coastal regions with
the western frontier.
B) Chinese population was increasingly concentrated along
the northern plains along the Yangze River.
C) The Yangze River valley was becoming the major foodproducing region of China by the late Tang era.
D) The canal connected the Tang capitals of southern
China—Changan and Loyang— with the newly acquired
regions in the north.
E) Peasants moving from the countryside to the urban areas.
And the answer is

C) The Yangze River valley was becoming the major
food-producing region of China by the late Tang
era.






Which of the following was NOT an economic
development during the period of commercial
expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties?
A) trade increasingly carried by Chinese ships and
sailors
B) enlarged market quarters found in all cities and
major towns
C) growing sophistication in commercial organization
and forms of credit
D) military domination of the seas
E) a series of technological breakthroughs
And the answer is

D) military domination of the seas






Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China
during the Tang-Song era is most accurate?
A) Chinese urbanization was pronounced in northern China, but
lagged in southern China.
B) The imperial capitals were enormous, but there were few other
Chinese cities of size.
C) The degree of urbanization reached during the Han dynasty was
never achieved during the Tang-Song era, although some recovery
of cities accompanied the commercial revival.
D) Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with
a higher proportion of the population living in cities than that found
in any other contemporary civilization.
E) Cities were depopulated as people moved back into the
countryside.
And the answer is

D) Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the
Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the
population living in cities than that found in any
other contemporary civilization






What was the capital of the southern Song
dynasty?
A) Hangzhou
B) Changan
C) Loyan
D) Beijing
E) Huining
And the answer is

A) Hangzhou






Which of the following was NOT a result of the
agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang emperors?
A) numbers of free peasantry increased
B) the scholar-gentry were removed as landlords
C) fortunes of the old aristocratic families declined
D) lands were distributed more equitably to the
free peasant households of the empire
E) the gentry side of the scholar-gentry came to
dominate the bureaucracy
And the answer is

B) the scholar-gentry were removed as landlords






Which of the following statements about Chinese
landscape painting is most accurate?
A) Landscape painting was virtually unknown until after
the Mongol invasions.
B) As in the West, landscape painting was the special
skill of the military elite.
C) Members of the ruling political elite in China
produced many of the paintings in the Song era.
D) Song subsidies to foreign painters resulted in the
production of magnificent landscapes.
E) Paintings never conveyed moral messages or used
symbolism.
And the answer is

C) Members of the ruling political elite in China
produced many of the paintings in the Song era.






In what way did footbinding serve to diminish the independence of
Chinese women by the end of the Song era?
A) Because footbinding could only be afforded by the elite, poorer
women were assigned to a lower social status.
B) Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine
their mobility to their household.
C) As footbinding was required in order to practice certain
professions, Chinese women found that occupational alternatives
were diminished.
D) Footbinding, although considered socially attractive, was
condemned by Neo-Confucians who used the practice as a means of
relegating Chinese women to subordinate roles.
E) Upper-class women considered it high status and hoarded money
to pay for it.
And the answer is

B) Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to
effectively confine their mobility to their household.







Which of the following was NOT a technological
innovation of the Tang-Song era?
A) gunpowder
B) abacus
C) paper
D) complex bridges
E) coal used for fuel
Answer: C
And the answer is

C) paper







Which of the following intellectual schools was
responsible for the production of most
literary and artistic works during the Tang-Song
era?
A) Confucian
B) Daoist
C) Pure Land Buddhist
D) Chan Buddhist
E) Legalist
And the answer is

A) Confucian






What group was responsible for the fall of the
southern Song dynasty in 1279?
A) Jurchens
B) Tanguts
C) Liao
D) Mongols
E) Xi-Xia
And the answer is

D) Mongols






What was the primary difference between marriages
of the upper and lower classes in Tang-Song China?
A) In the upper classes, males frequently married
females of a younger generation.
B) Among members of the lower classes marriages
tended to be consummated at an earlier age than
among members of the elite.
C) Members of the elite often married before the age
of puberty.
D) Households of the .lower classes tended not to be
patriarchal.
E) Upper class men rarely married footbound women.
And the answer is

B) Among members of the lower classes marriages
tended to be consummated at an earlier age than
among members of the elite.






Which of the following statements concerning the status
of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate?
A) Tang-Song law recognized no women’s rights.
B) The condition of women in general improved during
the Tang-Song era.
C) The assertion of male dominance within the family
and beyond was especially pronounced in the thinking
of the Neo-Confucian philosophers.
D) The spread of Buddhism provided women with
greater opportunities and career alternatives within the
monastic movement.
E) Women had more rights than ever before.
And the answer is

C) The assertion of male dominance within the
family and beyond was especially pronounced in
the thinking of the Neo-Confucian philosophers.







What artisan was responsible for the development
of movable type?
A) Li Bo
B) Bi Sheng
C) Gaozu
D) Zhu Xi
E) An Lushan
Answer: B
And the answer is

B) Bi Sheng






The outstanding poet of the Tang era was
A) Li Bo.
B) Bi Sheng.
C) Gaozu.
D) Zhu Xi.
E) Zhao Kuangyin
And the answer is

A) Li Bo






During the Song dynasty the interest of Confucian
intellectuals in nature was most apparent in their
production of:
A) riddles.
B) devotional objects.
C) religious homilies.
D) landscape paintings.
E) sculptures of ideal athletic figures.
And the answer is

D) landscape paintings.






What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese
cultural and political models?
A) the agrarian societies on the east and south
B) the nomadic societies on the north
C) Indianized peoples of Southeast Asia
D) the island societies of the Pacific rim
E) western Islamic provinces
And the answer is

A) the agrarian societies on the east and south






Which of the following was NOT one of the Asian
satellites of Chinese civilization?
A) Korea
B) Vietnam
C) Thailand
D) Japan
E) Slia
And the answer is

C) Thailand






When did Japan begin to borrow heavily from
Chinese culture?
A) third century B.C.E.
B) first century B.C.E.
C) second and third centuries C.E.
D) fifth and sixth centuries C.E.
E) sixth and seventh centuries C.E.
And the answer is

D) fifth and sixth centuries C.E.






What is the name of the nature spirits of Japan?
A) hapu
B) kami
C) hara-kiri
D) genji
E) Heian
And the answer is

B) kami






What religion played a key role in the transmission
of Chinese civilization to Japan?
A) Buddhism
B) Daoism
C) Islam
D) Christianity
E) Hinduism
And the answer is

A) Buddhism






In which of the following periods was Chinese
cultural influence NOT significant?
A) Taika
B) Nara
C) Heian
D) Tokugawa
E) Warlord
And the answer is

D) Tokugawa






What were the reforms enacted in 646 that
intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese culture
and political structure into Japanese society?
A) Onin
B) Gempei
C) Taika
D) Yoritomo
E) Heian
And the answer is

C) Taika






What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in
Japan?
A) to remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist
Chinese-style emperor
B) to destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a
military aristocracy
C) to increase the power of the Buddhist monastic
structure
D) the destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript
army
E) to decentralize the imperial government
And the answer is

A) to remake the Japanese monarch into an
absolutist Chinese-style emperor






What group so threatened the security of the
Japanese imperial court in the eighth century that
the imperial family moved to Heian?
A) the aristocracy
B) Buddhist monks
C) the peasantry
D) nomadic invaders from Manchuria
E) the scholar-gentry
And the answer is

B) Buddhist monks






What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian?
A) Buddhism ceased to playa major role in Japanese society.
B) The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state’s
acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese
bureaucracy.
C) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the
Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the
central government.
D) Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the
Empress Koken to a former monk.
E) the aristocrats gave up positions in the central government.
And the answer is

C) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance
the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took
over most of the positions in the central government.
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What was the military organization of the Heian government in
Japan?
A) The emperor formalized the creation of a peasant-conscript army
on the model of the Chinese.
B) The emperor accepted the introduction of Chinese troops as the
basis for the Japanese army.
C) Formal military organization was abandoned because of the
security the emperor perceived following the defeat of a Chinese
navy.
D) Local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize
militia forces that eventually played a critical role eroding the
control of the imperial government.
E) Buddhist monasteries depended on the Bushi for protection.
And the answer is

D) Local members of the aristocracy were ordered
to organize militia forces that eventually played a
critical role eroding the control of the imperial
government
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Life in the imperial court at Heian was described in
what Japanese novel?
A) Ashikage Analects
B) Tale of Genji
C) Mirror of Lady Murasaki
D) Romance of the Rose
E) Essential of Salvation
And the answer is

B) Tale of Genji
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What appears to have been the primary concerns
at the imperial Japanese court at Heian?
A) military exercise
B) science and technology
C) social conventions and original verse
D) commerce
E) interpreting laws
And the answer is

C) social conventions and original verse
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By the middle of the ninth century, what aristocratic
family exerted exceptional influence over imperial
affairs at the Japanese court at Heian?
A) Minamoto
B) Fujiwara
C) Taira
D) Yoritomo
E) Genshin
And the answer is

B) Fujiwara
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Warrior leaders in the tenth century in Japan who
controlled provincial areas and ruled from small
fortresses in the countryside were called:
A) bushi.
B) samurai.
C) kata.
D) seppuku.
E) Gimpei.
And the answer is

A) bushi.
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Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial
military elite during the tenth century in Japan is NOT correct?
A) Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate
managers, or local state officials.
B) The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to
deny these resources to the imperial court.
C) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of
the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the
court.
D) Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law,
supervised public works projects, and collected revenue.
E) Peasant dependants supplied the elites with food and other
necessities.
And the answer is

C) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to
the recovery of the imperial government and its
overthrow of the aristocracy of the court.
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Mounted troops owing loyalty to the military elite
were called:
A) bushi.
B) samurai.
C) kata.
D) Yoritomo.
E) Bakufu.
And the answer is

B) samurai
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Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the
imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate?
A) The provincial military elite was kept in check by the continued
development of the imperial peasant-conscript army.
B) The provincial military elite was rapidly subjected to the
aristocratic armies of the imperial court.
C) In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke
down leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial
lords and their military retainers.
D) The emperor created an alliance with the Chinese that permitted
him to crush the regional military lords.
E) The imperial court worked with the military elite to suppress the
peasants.
And the answer is

C) In the absence of an imperial military force, law
and order broke down leading both the emperor
and high officials to hire provincial lords and their
military retainers.
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Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare
among the bushi is most accurate?
A) The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai
initially with long spears.
B) The introduction of gunpowder in the eleventh century allowed the
bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of
assault.
C) Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai
and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to
sacrifice themselves for their leaders.
D) Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical
of the heroic stage of warfare.
E) The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies.
And the answer is

D) Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great
champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare.
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What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in
Japan?
A) Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to
the land they worked.
B) The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry
on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms.
C) The creation of the samurai created a period of great social
mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the
peasantry and into the class of warriors.
D) Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the
peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and
economic prosperity.
E) Peasants who were willing to be trained could become samurai.
And the answer is

A) Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of
serfs bound to the land they worked.
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By the eleventh and twelfth centuries, what was the status of the
Japanese court aristocracy?
A) They continued to dominate the imperial government and to
depend on their alliance with the Buddhist monasteries.
B) Aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the
provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power.
C) The resuscitation of the emperor led to the destruction of the
court aristocracy and the suppression of the regional warrior elite.
D) The court aristocracy succeeded by the eleventh century in setting
aside the emperor in favor of regionalized government.
E) the aristocracy increased in power due to the influence of the
Taira and Minamoto families.
And the answer is

B) Aristocratic families at the court depended on
alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to
exercise any power.
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Between 1180 and 1185 the struggle between the
two major provincial families—the Taira and the
Minamoto—were decided in what wars?
A) Onin
B) Koguryo
C) Gempei
D) Murasaki
E) Tang
And the answer is

C) Gempei
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