Universal Design
Motivation
Overview
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Topic 1.1. Understanding Design
Topic 1.2. Understanding Diversity
Topic 1.3. The Ageing Population
Topic 1.4. Good Business
Topic 1.5. Universal Design
Topic 1.1
Understanding Design
Design
• What is design?
Design
• Give examples of some designs?
Design
• What makes a design good?
Design
• What makes a design bad?
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Bad Designs
"Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com"
Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com
Cost of Bad Designs
In 2009 Toyota had to recall about 3.8 million cars and trucks
to reshape and/or replace the accelerator pedals. The design
of the accelerator pedal in combination with loose floormats
may have resulted in the accelerator pedal getting stuck.
Cost of Bad Designs
In 2011 they had to recall a further 2.2 million cars
and trucks because of the same issue.
Exercise
• Get a single sheet of paper
– Tear one out of your notebook/notepad
• Design a paper aeroplane using this piece of
paper.
– I’d like you to do this in silence without asking any
questions.
Exercise: Reflections
• Did you design the paper aeroplane or did you
build it?
• If you did this exercise right, there should be a
blueprint or plan for a paper aeroplane drawn
on the piece of paper.
• Too often people forget the vital step of
designing before building, and as a
consequence overlook vital steps that may
missed.
Topic 1.2
Understanding Diversity
Diversity
• Dimensions of diversity: How do we differ
from each other? Age, size, ability, gender,
culture, language, literacy, education,
technology.
• Challenges for people: How do the ways we
differ from each other impact on how we
share use of environments, products,
services?
Diversity: The World
Diversity: The World
Diversity: The World
The Mercator projection increasingly inflates the sizes of regions according to their
distance from the equator. This inflation results, for example, in a representation of
Greenland that is larger than Africa, whereas in reality Africa is 14 times as large.
Diversity: The World
Diversity: The World
4 Billion
7 Billion
$4 or less income per day
Global Population
49.6 : 50.4
1 Billion
People live in slums
Gender
1 in 3
GSM Mobile Phone
6912
2007
600+ Million
People with disabilities
‘Live’ Languages
The year when more people
live in urban than rural areas
1 in 4
2050 – 4:1
Potential Support Ratio
Poor Literacy
2050 – 2 Billion
Global over 60
Slide by John Clarkson
Diversity: Ireland
Diversity: Ireland
• Ethnic groups:
– Irish 87.4%,
– other white 7.5%,
– Asian 1.3%,
– black 1.1%,
– mixed 1.1%,
– unspecified 1.6%
Diversity: Ireland
• Languages:
– English (official, the language generally used),
– Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken mainly in
areas along the western coast)
Diversity: Ireland
• Religions:
– Roman Catholic 87.4%,
– Church of Ireland 2.9%,
– other Christian 1.9%,
– other 2.1%,
– unspecified 1.5%,
– none 4.2%
Exercise
• Calculate the percentage in the class who are:
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
HANDEDNESS
Left-handed
Right-handed
Ambidextrous
HEIGHT
Under 5’08”
5’09” - 6’00”
Over 6’00”
AGE
Younger than 18
years old
18 years old
Older than 18
years old
Topic 1.3
The Ageing Population
Ageing: The World
Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005
Millions
Less Developed
Regions
More Developed
Regions
Age
Male
300 200 100
Female
0
100 200 300
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Male
300
100
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Female
100
300
Ageing: Ireland
• Age structure:
– 0-14 years: 21.1%
– male 503,921
– female 483,454
– 15-64 years: 67.3%
– male 1,581,959
– female 1,560,238
– 65 years and over: 11.6%
– male 246,212
– female 295,192
Ageing: Ireland
• Age structure:
– 0-14 years: 21.1%
– male 503,921
– female 483,454
– 15-64 years: 67.3%
– male 1,581,959
– female 1,560,238
– 65 years and over: 11.6%
– male 246,212
– female 295,192
Ageing: Ireland
2002
0-14
15-64
Aged
years old years old 65+
17%
72%
11%
2020
19%
66%
“Population Ageing in Ireland: Projections 2002-2020”
National Council On Ageing And Older People
15%
Exercise
• Write down three interesting things you’ve
hear so far in this lecture (1 minute).
• Share with a partner (3 minutes), reflecting
which issues you had in common and which
were different.
Topic 1.4
Good Business
Better Innovation
• Ben Shneiderman says that “accommodating
a broader spectrum of usage situations
forces designers to consider a wider range of
designs and often leads to innovations that
benefit all users”
– Shneiderman, B., Universal Usability: A research agenda for
human-computer interaction research to empower every
citizen. In Earnshaw, R., Guedj, R., Van Dam, A., and Vince, J.
(Editors), Human-Centred Computing, Online Communities, and
Virtual Environments, Springer-Verlag London (2001), 179-189.
Better Innovation
• Gregg Vanderheiden is quoted in Gandy et al.
(2003) as saying that Universal Design encourages
more innovative and creative design and challenge
the designer to create products that are a
combination of "the best of today’s collective
knowledge, technologies and materials”, this
challenge can lead to radically new directions in
design.
– Gandy, M., Ross, D. & Starner, T.E., 2003. Universal design: Lessons for
wearable computing. Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2(3), pp.19–23.
“Disabled Data”
UK Department of Trade and Industry
“A study of the difficulties disabled people have
when using everyday consumer products.”
August 2000
Assist designers to develop everyday consumer
products that can be used safely and efficiently … as
wide a range of people as possible
Slide by John Clarkson
Using a Kettle
• OPCS1 category for 'Manipulation' and 'Gripping' is 'Dexterity'
• OPCS1 category for 'Lifting' and 'Transporting' is 'Reaching and
stretching‘
1Office
of Population Census and Surveys
Slide by John Clarkson
Milk Packaging
• Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have
difficulty in opening milk packaging
Slide by John Clarkson
Cereal Packaging
• Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have
difficulty in opening cereal bag packaging
Slide by John Clarkson
Jam Jars
• Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have
difficulty in opening jam jars
Slide by John Clarkson
Packaged Products
• Order of difficulty for gripping (easy to hard)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Cleaning solution
Microwave meal packaging
Instant soup packaging
Soup tin
Washing powder/liquid
Sugar
Milk
Washing up liquid
Bread packaging
Butter
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Tea bag
Tin of tuna
Plastic bottle
Cheese packaging
Meat tin
Toothpaste
Shoe polish
Cereal packaging
Jam jar
Slide by John Clarkson
Exercise
• Form a team and try a "concept combination" - take
two concepts or objects and combine them in some
novel way.
• As a team, the point is just to see what you can come
up with - What can you come up with from the
combination of a chair and a microwave? Perhaps an
easy-chair that has a cooler and microwave and
television built in. Or microwaveable "couch
potatoes" ; a potato snack in the shape of a couch.
Topic 1.5
Universal Design
Universal Design
• Universal design is an approach to design that
honours human diversity. It addresses the
right for everyone – from childhood into their
oldest years – to use all spaces, products and
information, in an independent, inclusive and
equal way. It is a process that invites designers
to go beyond compliance with access codes,
to create excellent, people centred design.
– Elaine Ostroff
Universal Design
• Universal Design is the design and
composition of an environment so that it can
be accessed, understood and used to the
greatest extent possible by all people
regardless of their age, size or disability
• Irish Disability Act, 2005
Universal Design
• The design of products and environments to
be usable by all people, to the greatest extent
possible, without the need for adaptation or
specialised design
• Centre for Universal Design, North Carolina State
University
Universal Design
• Universal Design means…
– Design Once
– Include All
• It is not (just) about disability
• It is about usability for all
The Principles of Universal Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Equitable Use
Flexibility in Use
Simple and Intuitive
Perceptible Information
Tolerance for Error
Low Physical Effort
Size and Space for Approach and Use
Exercise
• Pick any object in the room around you, and evaluate
it under the seven principles
Big Exercise
Exercise
PESTLE
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIOLOGICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
LEGAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
Exercise
•
•
Think about the origins of your mobile phone
What are the PESTLE forces that led to its
creation?
• For example, consider how the mobile phone
would be different if they had originally created
by a different culture? Or with a different kind
of technology? Or in a more environmentally
friendly manner? etc.
Exercise
– What about one of the following:
• Your wallet
• a book
• your clothes