Abnormal Psych
Chapter 16
Psychological
Disorders
Psychological Disorders
1. Define abnormal vs. normal
2. Distinguish b/w methods of deciding normality
3. Recognize and use the bell-shaped curve
showing normal
4. Develop and analyze surveys to determine
normal personality qualities and behaviors
Psychological Disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
Normal/ Abnormal: Who decides?
Group Survey Creation
Individual survey Completion
Results tabulation and presentation of results
Psychological Disorders
1. Quiz 16-1/ Developmental Review Sheets on
Desk/ EC on Desk
2. Calendar Review
3. Developmental Test Review
4. Abnormal Project
HW: 16-2, Review U1 (Prologue & Ch 1)
EC Due
Psychological Disorders
16-1 619-626
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders: Medical Model, Pinel, BioPsycho-Social Perspective, DSM-IV, Diagnostic Labeling, Rosenhan
 1. Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically
disordered.
 2. Describe the medical model of psychological disorders, and
discuss the bio-psycho-social perspective offered by critics of this
model.
 3. Describe the aims of DSM-IV and discuss the potential dangers
associated with the use of
diagnostic labels.
Psychological Disorders
 Psychological Disorder
 a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:
 atypical--not enough in itself
 disturbing--varies with time and culture
 maladaptive--harmful
 unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason
Psychological Disorders
 5 Axes of the DSM-IV
 Axis I- addresses clinical syndromes & major disorders: schizo, anxiety dis, dis
diag in infancy, childhood, adolesc, somatoform dis, sexual dis, delirium, amnesia,
dementia
<<all disorders other than Personality & MR>>
 Axis II- personality disorders; MR
 Axis III – Gen Med Conditions relevant to understanding/ managing the disorder
(Hypothyrodism-Depression)
 Axis IV-Psychosocial & Environmental Problems that may affect diagnosis,
treatment, prognosis of mental disorders (housing, economic, family)
 Axis V-rep global assessment of person’s level of functioning. (90 indicates
minimal symptoms & 1 maximal –ie. viol subj likely to harm others)
Historical Perspective
 Perceived Causes
 movements of sun or moon
 lunacy--full moon
 evil spirits
 Ancient Treatments
 exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated,
blood replaced with animal’s blood, bloodletting
Psychological Disorders
 Phillipe Pinel –France early 1800s – said madness was sickness of
mind, not demon posession, unchained patients and talked to them
 Led to Medical Model in 1800s (hospitals replaced asylums)
 Medical Model
 concept that diseases have physical causes
 can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
 assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the
basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may
include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
Cross-Cultural Analysis
Environmental effects evident from cross-cultural analysis:
Dep and Schizo present worldwide
Anorexia & Bulimia – Western
Susto- Latin America; severe anxiety, restlessness, fear of black
magic
 Taijin-kyofusho-Japan; social anxiety of appearance, blushing & fear
of eye contact




Psychological Disorders
 Today, mental health workers agree that
disorders influenced by:
 genes
 physiological states
 inner psychological dynamics
 social-cultural
 circumstances
 Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
 assumes that biological, sociocultural, and
psychological factors combine and interact
to produce psychological disorders
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
Psychological
Disorders--Etiology
 DSM-IV
 American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth
Edition)
 a widely used system for classifying psychological
disorders
 presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)
 17 categories of mental disorders & neurotic
disorders & psychotic disorders
 Most Health insurance companies require diagnosis w
DSM-IV to pay for therapy
Anxiety Disorders
 Anxiety Disorders
 distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that
reduce anxiety
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic
nervous system arousal
Anxiety Disorders
 Panic Disorder
 marked by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensation
Anxiety Disorders
 Phobia
 persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
or situation
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions)
Anxiety Disorders
 Common and uncommon fears
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
 High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
Mood Disorders
 Mood Disorders
 characterized by emotional extremes
 Major Depressive Disorder
 a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason,
experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of
worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most
activities
 Dysthymic Disorder- less extreme than MJD, but longer lasting
(“the blues”)
Mood Disorders
 Manic Episode
 a mood disorder marked by a
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
 Bipolar Disorder
 a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness
and lethargy of depression and the
overexcited state of mania
 formerly called manic-depressive
disorder
Mood DisordersDepression
Mood DisordersDepression
 Canadian depression rates
Mood DisordersSuicide
Mood DisordersBipolar
 PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood DisordersDepression
 Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression
 The vicious
cycle of
depression
can be
broken at
any point
Schizophrenia &
Personality Disorders
1. 16-4 Quiz
2. Projects
3. HW: 17-1, Review Ch 5&6 Sensation &
Perception
Schizophrenia &
Personality Disorders
16-4
646-657
Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Subtypes, Biological and Psychological Factors;
Personality Disorders; Prevalence of Psych Disorders
1. Explain the development of mood disorders, paying special attention to the
biological and social-cognitive perspectives.
2. Describe the various symptoms and types of schizophrenia, and discuss research
on its causes.
3. Describe the nature of personality disorders, focusing on the characteristics of the
antisocial personality disorder.
4. Describe the characteristics and possible causes of dissociative identity disorder.
5. Describe the prevalence of various disorders and the timing of their onset.
Dissociative
Disorders
 Dissociative Disorders
 conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
 rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities
 formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia
 literal translation “split mind”
 a group of severe disorders
characterized by:
 disorganized and delusional thinking
 disturbed perceptions
 inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
 Delusions
 false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany
psychotic disorders
 Hallucinations
 sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
 Personality Disorders
 disorders characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair
social functioning
 usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 disorder in which the person (usually
man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members
 may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Mood DisordersDepression
 Boys who
were later
convicted of
a crime
showed
relatively low
arousal
Personality Disorders
 PET scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Chapter 17
Therapy
17-1
659-664
Psychological Therapies: Dix, Psychoanalysis - Methods, Psychodynamic Therapy; Freud,
Humanistic-Client Centered Therapy, Active Listening, UPR, Maslow, Rogers
1. Discuss the aims and methods of psychoanalysis, and explain the critics’ concerns with this
form of therapy, noting how psychodynamic therapists have tried to answer the criticisms.
2. Identify basic characteristics of the humanistic therapies and the specific goals and
techniques of client-centered therapy.
 17-2 664-673
 Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning Therapies-Counterconditioning (Exposure
Therapies--Systematic Desensitization, Vrtual Reality Exposure Therapy; Aversive
Conditioning), Operant Conditioning Therapy-Token Economy, Cognitive Therapy, CBT,
Group & Family Therapy

 3. Identify the basic assumptions of behavior therapy, and discuss the classical
conditioning
techniques of systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning.
 4. Describe therapeutic applications of operant conditioning principles, and explain the
critics’
concerns with this behavior modification process.
 5. Describe the assumptions and goals of the cognitive therapies and their application to
the
treatment of depression.
 6. Describe the rationale and benefits of group therapy, including family therapy.
1. States of Consciousness Q/A
2. States of Consciousness Review Quiz
3. Review Test Essay
4. Project Presentations
5. HW: 17-4, Practice Essays – Bring on Disk or
Flash Drive
1. States of Consciousness Q/A
2. States of Consciousness Review Quiz
3. IB Exam Prep
4. Review Test Essay
5. HW: 17-4, Practice Essays – Bring on Disk or
Flash Drive
 17-3 674-684
 Evaluating Psychotherapy: Effectiveness of Psychotherapy, MetaAnalysis, Alternative Therapies: Therapeutic Touch, EMDR, Light
Exposure Therapy, Commonalities of Therapies, Types of Therapists
 7. Discuss the findings regarding the effectiveness of the psychotherapies,
and explain why
ineffective therapies are often mistakenly perceived to be of value.
 8. Describe the commonalities among the psychotherapies, and discuss
the role of values and
cultural differences in the psychotherapeutic process.
1. 17-4 Quiz
2. Project Presentations
3. Essay Review
4. Review Confusing Pairs/ Fond Remb/ People Packet
5. HW: Disorders & Therapies- Take Home Tests on Web
2 Sheets of Paper
Take Both, Check Answers, then create test review sheet and
create notes for missed questions (if you missed 10 items,
you should have 10 annotations for notes)
1. 17-4 Quiz
2. Project Presentations
3. Review M.C.
4. Review Confusing Pairs/ Fond Remb/ People Packet
5. HW: Online
Disorders & Therapies- Take Home Tests on Web, can work
w/ partner
Review Essay Rubrics
**FRI Review Session in S-7, 2:15-3:15 (Con’t be
Late)….EC???
Deinstitutionalization – 50s, sparked by Thorazine
Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Amnesia – forget after trauma
 Dissociative Fugue- flee and forget after trauma
 Dissociative Identity Disorder-multiple personality disorder
Conversion Disorder-convert psychological distress into medical problem
Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis – misinterpret normal bodily changes/ functions as abnormal
 Conversion Disorder-convert psychological distress into medical problem
Extra Items Notes:
Hans Selye
 17-4 685-693
 Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapies-Anitpsychotics, Antianxietys,
Antidepressants, Mood Stabilizers-lithium, ECT, Psychosurgery-lobotomy
 9. Identify the common forms of drug therapy.
 10. Describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery in
the treatment of psychological disorders.
History of Treatment
Therapy
 Psychotherapy
 an emotionally charged, confiding interaction
between a trained therapist and someone
who suffers from psychological difficulties
 Eclectic Approach
 an approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the client’s problems, uses
techniques from various forms of therapy
TherapyPsychoanalysis
 Psychoanalysis
 Freud believed the patient’s free associations,
resistances, dreams, and transferences – and
the therapist’s interpretations of them –
released previously repressed feelings,
allowing the patient to gain self-insight
 use has rapidly decreased in recent years
 Resistance
 blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden
material
TherapyPsychoanalysis
 Interpretation
 the analyst’s noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant
behaviors in order to promote insight
 Transference
 the patient’s transfer to the analyst of
emotions linked with other relationships
 e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Humanistic Therapy
 Client-Centered Therapy
 humanistic therapy developed by Carl
Rogers
 therapist uses techniques such as active
listening within a genuine, accepting,
empathic environment to facilitate
clients’ growth
Humanistic Therapy
 Active Listening-empathic listening in which the
listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Behavior Therapy
 Behavior Therapy
 therapy that applies learning principles to the
elimination of unwanted behaviors
 Counterconditioning
 procedure that conditions new responses to
stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
 based on classical conditioning
 includes systematic desensitization and
aversive conditioning
Behavior Therapy
 Exposure Therapy
 treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination
or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
Behavior Therapy
 Systematic Desensitization
 type of counterconditioning
 associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
 commonly used to treat phobias
 Aversive Conditioning
 type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
 nausea ---> alcohol (eg. Antabuse)
Behavior Therapy
 Systematic Desensitization
Behavior Therapy
 Aversion
therapy
for
alcoholics
(eg.
Antabuse)
Behavior Therapy
 Token Economy
 an operant conditioning procedure
that rewards desired behavior
 patient exchanges a token of some
sort, earned for exhibiting the
desired behavior, for various
privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
 Cognitive Therapy
 teaches people new, more adaptive
ways of thinking and acting
 based on the assumption that
thoughts intervene between events
and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
 The
Cognitive
Revolution
Cognitive Therapy
 A cognitive
perspective
on
psychological
disorders
Cognitive Therapy
 Cognitive
therapy for
depression
Cognitive Therapy
 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
 a popular integrated therapy that
combines cognitive therapy
(changing self-defeating thinking)
with behavior therapy (changing
behavior)
Group and Family
Therapies
 Family Therapy
 treats the family as a system
 views an individual’s unwanted
behaviors as influenced by or directed
at other family members
 attempts to guide family members
toward positive relationships and
improved communication
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
 To whom do
people turn
for help for
psychological
difficulties?
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
 Regression toward the mean
 tendency for extremes of unusual
scores to fall back (regress) toward
their average
 Meta-analysis
 procedure for statistically combining the
results of many different research
studies
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
Number of
persons
Average
untreated
person
Poor outcome
80% of untreated people have poorer
outcomes than average treated person
Average
psychotherapy
client
Good outcome
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
Therapists and their
Training
 Clinical psychologists
 Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and
expertise in research, assessment, and
therapy, supplemented by a supervised
internship
 About half work in agencies and
institutions, half in private practice
Therapists and their
Training
 Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
 A two-year Master of Social Work
graduate program plus postgraduate
supervision prepares some social
workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly
to people with everyday personal and
family problems
 About half have earned the National
Association of Social Workers’
designation of clinical social worker
Therapists and their
Training
 Counselors
 Marriage and family counselors
specialize in problems arising from
family relations
 Pastoral counselors provide counseling
to countless people
 Abuse counselors work with substance
abusers and with spouse and child
abusers and their victims
Therapists and their
Training
 Psychiatrists
 Physicians who specialize in the
treatment of psychological disorders
 Not all psychiatrists have had extensive
training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s
they can prescribe medications. Thus,
they tend to see those with the most
serious problems
 Many have a private practice
Biomedical Therapies
 Psychopharmacology
 study of the effects of drugs on mind
and behavior
 Lithium
 chemical that provides an effective drug
therapy for the mood swings of bipolar
(manic-depressive) disorders
Biomedical Therapies
 The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
 therapy for severely depressed patients in
which a brief electric current is sent through
the brain of an anesthetized patient
 Psychosurgery
 surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue
in an effort to change behavior
 lobotomy
 now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to
calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Mind-Body Interaction