Reconstruction
Mr. Lin
Aftermath of the Civil War
• April 12, 1865
– Robert E. Lee surrenders, effectively ending the Confederate cause.
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Aftermath of the Civil War
• Richmond is burned and left as ruins
Image Courtesy of http://www.civil-war.tv/images/photos/Richmond-VA-Chimneys-standing-in-the-burneddistrict.jpg
The Need to Recover
• Many northerners wanted
to punish the south.
• Luckily, many powerful
northerners wanted to
forgive the south as long
as they prove their loyalty
to the United States.
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http://www.oberlin.edu/history/GJK/H263F2001/sl
avecabin.JPG
• These people included:
– President Lincoln
– General U.S. Grant
Plan for Re-uniting
• Military Districts:
– Chunks of the south were made
into these districts after the
southern states refused to agree
with the 14th amendment. Many
southern states remained defiant.
• In order to become U.S. states
again, former states had to do the
following:
– Ratify a new state constitution
– Swear loyalty to the Union
– Grant civil rights to African
Americans.
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http://faculty.smu.edu/sweisenb/Allyn%20Cox%20
Peace%20at%20the%20End%20of%20Civil%20Wa
r.jpg
• After meeting these requirements,
these former states could then
officially become American states
again.
Military Districts in the South
Tennessee never became a Military
District because they immediately
started to cooperate with the Union
after they surrendered. They were
readmitted into the United States in
1869, the first one to return to the
Union.
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Civil Rights? --- 13th Amendment
• 13th Amendment:
– Officially made slavery
illegal in all parts of the
United States
– 1865
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http://preserve.harvard.edu/exhibits/daguerreot
ype/images/man.jpg
Southern Response to the 13th Amendment
• The south was afraid that
African-Americans would
consider themselves
equal to the white man.
• Black Codes:
– Treated African-Americans
as second-class, not-asimportant citizens.
– Did not allow AfricanAmericans to vote.
– Ensured segregation
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http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Facult
y/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Chapter1
5BlackCodes.JPG
Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Stated that all people
born in the United
States were citizens
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Civil Rights? --- 14th Amendment
• 14th Amendment:
– Officially declared that
ANYBODY born in the
United States,
including an AfricanAmerican, was a
citizen of the United
States.
– 1868
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ionConvention/TheIllustrations/Images/0761IV7w500.jpg
Southern Response to the 14th Amendment
• Now that the south was forced
to admit African-Americans as
citizens, they made up ways to
prevent them from voting.
• Literacy Test:
– Voters had to know how to
read or write in order to vote.
– (favored whites)
• Grandfather Clause:
– If your grandfather could vote,
then you can vote too.
– (favored whites)
• Poll Taxes:
– You had to pay a fee in order
to vote.
– (favored white)
Image Courtesy of
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Facult
y/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Chapter1
5BlackCodes.JPG
Civil Rights? --- 15th Amendment
• 15th Amendment:
– All citizens are
guaranteed the right to
participate in the
government and vote
in elections.
Image Courtesy of
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/f/fa/The_First_Vote.jpg/180pxThe_First_Vote.jpg
• In addition to the 15th
Amendment, the U.S.
government officially
turned the south into
military districts.
Freedman’s Bureau
• Freedman’s Bureau:
– In 1865, A department
of the U.S.
Government created
to help newly freed
African-Americans get:
•
•
•
•
•
Image Courtesy of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Freedman_bureau_
harpers_cartoon.jpg
Food
Health care
Housing
Jobs
Education
Freedman’s Bureau
Freedman’s Bureau
Image Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Freedmen_richmond_sewing_women.jpg
Sharecropping
• Sharcropping:
Image Courtesy of
http://thecomingoftan.com/riley/sharecropper/shar
ecroppers~8.jpg
– Former plantation owners
would hire their former
slaves to work the farms.
– The plantation owner would
give ex-slaves land on
which to grow crops.
– In return, AfricanAmericans would have to
pay the plantation owner
up to as much as 50% of
everything they grow or
earn.
Why don’t I start a
Well, I don’t have
farm! Oh waitI. lost
. . I all my slaves during anything to lose,
Well,
I will
don’t have
money
thetolet
war,you
so I could use a so why not give it
farm
your own
crophand on the
a try?! Sure
buy
a farm.
helping
to sell. Just give
thing! I’ll be
plantation
Sounds
me ¾ of everything
there this
interesting
.
you make or grow.
afternoon!
Howdy,
Well,
. . Tell me
That will
beI’m
your
Hello, sir
son! free
more
payment
fornow.
using
It’sland.
time to
my
get a job.
I hate it
when people
disrespect
me by calling
me, “son.”
Months later
Hello! I
am here
to take
my ¾
from you!
YAY!
Everything is
harvested
and ready for
the market!
DARN IT!! This guy
takes so much that
I can’t make enough
money!
A few hours later
Sharecroppin
g is NOT
FAIR!
ARGH!!! Now
how am I ever
going to earn
enough money!
Northerners in the South
• Some Northerners really
didn’t care for the
southerners
– They only cared about
making money off of poor
and exhausted
southerners.
• Carpetbaggers:
– The term used to refer to
Northerners who would go
to the south to sell needed
supplies for outrageous
prices.
Image Courtesy of
http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstru
ction_of_the_south/media/carpetbagger.gif
Political Cartoon
Image Courtesy of http://us.altermedia.info/images/Carpetbagger.gif
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan
• Ku Klux Klan:
– An organization
created in the south to
intimidate and scare
African-Americans into
believing that the white
men were more
powerful.
Image Courtesy of
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/f/fb/Misissippi_ku_klux.jpg/200pxMisissippi_ku_klux.jpg
Ku Klux Klan: Hate Out of Control
• The Ku Klux Klan:
– Enforced the Black Codes
– Attacked, injured, lynched, and killed African-Americans,
Northerners, U.S. soldiers and their families.
– Made sure that there would be segregation between
blacks and whites.
– Nearly destroyed by President U.S. Grant, but the KKK still
survived.
Ku Klux Klan Effect into the 20th Century
• The KKK was born out of
Reconstruction
• It grew into a national force
by the 1920’s.
– In some places you
couldn’t even dream of
being elected if you
weren’t a member!
• Took a major role in trying
to stop the Civil Rights
Movement and Martin
Luther King Jr.
Civil Rights March in the 1960’s, one hundred years after
Reconstruction. Image Courtesy of
http://www.neatorama.com/images/2006-02/civil-rights-birmingham.jpg
• The KKK is slowly dying
away as more and more
Americans become more
educated accepting of
others.
Birmingham firefighters using high-powered hoses to attack AfricanAmerican men, women, and children demonstrators for Civil Rights Image
Courtesy of http://www.pensitoreview.com/images/photo-hosing-civilrights-protesters.jpg
Reconstrution in the 1870’s
• More and more
laws were passed
to help protect the
African-Americans
from unfair
treatment.
• Along with
enjoying their
freedom, some
African-Americans
were elected to
office.
Image Courtesy of
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/target
s/images/pho/t028/T028309A.jpg
After Reconstruction
• Jim Crow Laws: These
were laws made to
restrict the rights of
African-Americans after
Reconstruction.
– When white southerners
regained control of their
states’ governments, they
proceeded make
arrangements to prevent
African-Americans from
ever holding power again.
Image Courtesy of
http://www.mauricereeves.com/images/JimCro
wLaws.png
Jim Crow
• "Every person...operating...any public hall, theater, opera
house, motion picture show or any place of public
entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both
white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and
the colored race and shall set apart and designate...certain
seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion
thereof , or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored
persons.” – Virginia
• SUMMARY: Entertainment areas must be segregated.
•
Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
Jim Crow
• "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have
power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or
colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or
compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the
conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole
judges of his race.” - Virginia
• SUMMARY: Trains and railroads must be segregated.
•
Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
Jim Crow
• "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and
colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first
using them. " – North Carolina
• SUMMARY: African-American books cannot be handled by
white children, and white books cannot be handled by AfricanAmerican children.
•
Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
Jim Crow
• "Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or
circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or
presenting for public acceptance or general information,
arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of
intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred
(500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months
or both." – Mississippi
•
SUMMARY: It is a crime to print or write about giving AfricanAmericans equal treatment.
•
Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
Jim Crow
• "It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to
play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two
blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall
be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play
baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two
blocks of any playground devoted to the white race." – Georgia
• SUMMARY: African-American and white baseball teams are not
allowed to play within two blocks of one another.
•
Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
African-American Contributions to the United
States during and right after Reconstruction
• Buffalo Soldiers:
– Despite racism, many
African-Americans
moved out west and
joined the United
States cavalry to
create the famous
“Buffalo Soldiers” unit
in the Indian Wars.
Image Courtesy of
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1
/Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg/200pxArmy_buffalo_soldiers.jpg
Buffalo Soldiers in the Wild West
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p://www.allenscreations.com/fmcotbs.htm&h=388&w=278&sz=24&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=ogaNM6_a3ONfD
M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBuffalo%2BSoldiers%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26
hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DX
Buffalo Soldiers in the Wild West
Image Courtesy of http://www.brooksartprints.com/Buffalosoldiers.jpg
African-American Contributions to the United
States during and right after Reconstruction
• Spanish-American
War:
– First war in which
African-Americans
fought in large
numbers
Image Courtesy of
http://www.nps.gov/prsf/history/buffalo_soldiers/images/
liberators_of_cuba.jpg
Spanish-American War in Cuba
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