The Development of Aeronautical Science and Technologies
KTH 05 04 07
Ulf.Olsson.Thn@Telia.com
From Archimedes to Newton
200BC
500ca
1232
1700
1783
1937
The principle of Archimedes.
Invention of the rocket in China.
Rockets at the battle of Kai-fung-fu.
Reaction principle by Isaac Newton.
First flight in a balloon.
The Hindenburg crash in New Jersey.
F  m V j
The most important equation
of all times
Around 1500
Wan Hu braces himself for lift-off
Flapping flight and the power it takes to fly
3 W/kg
q
1
V 2
2
1
2
q  V
2
1250 Roger Bacon suggests the orthopter.
1490 Leonardo da Vinci sketches flying machines.
1738 The Bernoulli equation and the Smeaton coefficient.
1870 Gustave Trouve´flies 70 m in a flapping machine in France.
2000 Renewed interest in Micro Air vehicles.
Can a fly really fly??
1
L  C L V 2 S
2
60 W/kg
P
gb 2

m
4 sin  / 2
Yes it can, but it takes a lot of power
The dwarf and the giants
300 W/kg
100 W/kg
3 W/kg
Nature´s great invention
L
Flow
D
Downwash
1799 George Cayley discovers the fixed lifting wing.
Why did the birds have to develop that?
The birds do it better
L
V
m  e
b 2
4
V
mg
L2
D  c f Swq  2
b eq
2
L

eb
 
  
4C f S w
 D  max
The flight power curve
P / Pd
8
7
6
5
L/mg=1.5
4
L/mg=1
3
2
1
Min drag
Min power
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
V / Vd
Why are they doing like this?
P / Pd
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
V / Vd
2,5
The Law of 2/3
Log S cm2
5
Australian crane
Berkut
Herring Gull
Vulture
Blackheaded Gull
Buzzard
Kestrel
Crow
Pigeon
Swallow
Starling
Lark
Tit
4
3
2
1
Bumblebee
0
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Log m grams
5
Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap
L/D
2
L

eb
 
  
4C f S w
 D  max
25
C f / e  0.003
20
0.01
Albatross
Jet liner
15
Gulls
10
Sparrows
5
Insects
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
b 2 / S wet
The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft
1799 George Cayley discovers the lifting wing and invents the airplane.
1842 William Henson patents an aerial steam carriage. Proposes airline.
1859 J.J. Etienne Loire and the internal combustion engine.
1871 Francis Wenham builds the first wind tunnell.
1874 Felix du Temple makes the first powered hop.
1896 Samuel Langley flies a large scale model.
1903 The Wright Brothers first manned flight
reaches the power of a gull (25 W/kg).
Lilienthal stalling
Modern aeroplanes
D
tan  
L
The Wrights fighting Langley and the Smeaton coefficient
q  KV
2
K=??
Science enters aeronautics
Flow
Shed vortex
Downwash
Kutta-Joukowski
Ludwig Prandtl
Theodor von Karman
The golden age of the propeller
1919
1933
1935
1938
1943
Junkers F13
Boeing 247
Douglas DC3
Boeing 307 Stratoliner
Lockheed Constellation
First all metal airliner
First all metal monoplane airliner
Most successful propeller airliner
First pressurised airliner
First long range airliner
Charles Lindbergs Spirit of Saint Louis 1927
The propeller meets the sound barrier
α
φ
Blade speed
The jet engine arrives
1888
1903
1930
1935
1937
1939
1947
1955
1962
The Laval nozzle produces a supersonic jet
Aegidius Elling builds the first successful gas turbine
Frank Whittle patents a jet engine
Adolf Busemann proposes the swept back wing
Hans von Ohains first bench test of a jet engine
Heinkel 178 first jet flight.
Chuck Yeager breaks through the sound barrier Mach 1
F104 Starfighter Mach 2
SR71 Blackbird Mach 3
M<1
M=1
M>1
1930
WW2 JUMO 109-004B
Picture from the RAF museum at Cosford, Wolverhampton, England
1947 Volvo´s first jet engine
The swept back wing


0.02
0.01
Thickness
CD
Wave drag
Sweep
Friction drag
Mach 1
1947 With a bang through the sound barrier
Running into the heat barrier
Mach
M max
20
2 Ttc

(  1)  4
  1 T0
10
Scram
5
SR71
Jaeger
1.0
0.5
Jet engine
Concorde
747
Propeller
DC3
0.1
Wright
1900 1920
Year
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2050
The by-pass engine and the revolution in air travel
1948
1949
1954
1960
1967
1969
1970
1982
1989
First turboprop airliner . Vickers Viscount
First jet airliner. de Havilland Comet
Start of Boeing’s dominance of civil market. Boeing 707
GE discloses the bypass engine
Highest selling jet airliner launched. Boeing 737
World’s largest airliner. First widebody. Boeing 747
Airbus formed
First composite primary. Airbus A310
First fly-by-wire airliner. Airbus 320
Largest size each decade
Passengers
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Galaxy
Antonov
A380
Hughes
747
DC10
Handley Dornier
Wright Page
Tupolev
777
A310
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Transportation economy-size or speed?
1969
1971
1999
2002
2003
Concorde-First supersonic airliner
Boeing 2707 program-competitor to Concorde- cancelled
NASA High-Speed Civil Transport program cancelled
Boeing shelves Sonic Cruiser
Concorde taken out of traffic
50
?
45
40
35
30
25
20
BILLIONSOF $1993
1
5
1
0
5
0
60
65
70
75
80
85
YEARS
90
95
2000
2005
The lift-to-drag ratio kills supersonic
Flying
wing
30
L/D
B52
Canard
20
Slewed
wing
747
NASA 2000
ATSF
1989
10
Wave
rider
NASA 1982
Concorde 1960
Hypersonic
0
0
1
2
3
Mach
4
5
The environment as a new limit
Ultraviolet radiation and climate change
Radiation
+ 4% 1970-1992
Heating
0.3-0.6 C
in the 1900’s
Towards hydrogen?
H2
1
CH4
Methane
H/(C+H)
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
1750
Oil
Coal
C2H5
Ethanol
Wood
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Source: J. Allen 1998
The civil transport of the future
Litres/10 km/passenger
Source DLR/EC 99
1,4
1,2
Comet
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1940
B727-100
B707-120
B737-100
A300 B737-300
DC9-30
B747-400
B747-200
B767
A320
A340-300
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Which is the most efficient aircraft?
Flying wing
Flying saucers
Turbulent
Laminar
Supersonic
wave drag
Thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine
% Efficiency
45
Trent
PW2037
40
CF6
35
30
25
20
15
PW4083
V2500
JT9D
JT3C
PW4056
CFM56
TF39
GE90
RB211
JT8D
Ghost
10
5
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
2010
The future civil engine
Ducted propfan IRR
Intercooler
Reheater
Cooler
Geared fan
Regenerator
Military engine requirements and design
Altitude
Afterburner
Stall
11km
blow out
Escape
Combat
Skin
temperature
Super
cruise
Structure
loads
Flutter
1.2
2.3
Mach number
The importance of the Thrust-to-Weight ratio
F/gWe
T-O acc g
12
0.9
10
8
M53
RM8A
6
RM6
4
2
0
1940
F119
F110
EJ200
F414
F100
M88
F404
RM12
F101
J79
0.7
0.5
0.3
Dovern
0.1
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
Off Design and Variable Cycles
The limits of the turbojet engine
Inlet
pressure
recovery
Rotational
speed
Turbine
inlet
temperature
Compressor
exit
temperature
Choking
turbines
Choking
bypass canal
Static
pressure
balance
Efficiency %
Turboramjet
25
Throttling down
Max
TIT
20
Main fuel=0
15
Design
point
10
Ramjet mode
5
Vjet=V
Kerosene
0
0
1
2
3
4
Mach
5
6
15. Ramjets and scramjets
Pulsejet<Mach 6
Ramjet<Mach 6
Fuel
Air
M>1
Scramjet>Mach 6
Spaceflight-What velocities?
V  2 gR
11200 m/s
to leave earth
V  gR
8000 m/s to leave the atmosphere
Mach 25
1942 The V2 at Peenemunde
Ariane
Rocket engines and combinations
Air
Liquid air
LH2
LOX
LACE-Liquid Air Combustion Engine
Ramrocket
18. Spaceplanes
O2
H2
Ramrocket
Air
H2
Scram
Rocket
Flight is a question of power
Ariane 20000 W/kg.
Gripen 2500 W/kg.
Bee 40 W/kg.
Humming bird 300 W/kg.
Wright Flyer and Gull 25 W/kg.
Man 3 W/kg.