Key Events in the History of Hawai`I Since Contact with Western Culture
1778
Captain Cook lands at Waimea, Kaua`i
Gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis, guns, alcohol and tobacco are introduced
April, 1810
Kamehameha unites/conquers (except Kauai) the Hawaiian Archipelago under his rule
(with the aid of Western weapons)
May 8, 1819
Kamehameha dies Liholiho, Kamehameha II, becomes Mo`i (King)
June 1819
Kapu system abolished
March 31, 1820
First American Calvanist Missionaries arrive
July 1824
Liholiho dies of measles in London
June 6, 1825
Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III, become Mo`i
Ka`ahumanu becomes Kuhina Nui (Regent)
1826
America recognizes Hawai`i's independence
October 8, 1840
First Constitution enacted by Kauikeauoli, Kamehameha III
1843
British Navy seizes Hawai`i for Great Britain, then restores the Kingdom five months later
November 28, 1843
Great Britain and France recognize Hawai`i's independence
March 8, 1848
Mahele, land division - first private ownership of land
June 1850
First foreign ownership of land
December 15, 1854
Kauikeaouli dies and is succeeded by Alexander Liholiho, Kamehameha IV
November 30, 1863
Liholiho dies and Lot Kapuaiwa, Kamehameha V, becomes Mo`i
August 20, 1864
New Constitution decreed by Lot
December 11, 1872
Lot dies
1873 - 74
William Lunalilo elected as King

February, 1874
King Lunalilo dies
David Kalakaua elected King
December, 1882
`Iolani Palace completed
July 7, 1887
"Bayonet Constitution" forced on King Kalakaua by all-white “Hawaiian League,” stripping the power of the sovereign and Kanaka Maoli of their land rights
July, 1889
Robert Wilcox rebellion fails to overturn Bayonet Constitution
January, 1891
King Kalakaua dies in San Francisco
Lydia Kamaka`eha becomes Queen Lili`uokalani
January 17, 1893
Queen Lili`uokalani deposed by conspiracy of American businessmen with support of United States
Marines and diplomatic representative
"Provisional Government" established
December 18, 1893
President Cleveland sends a message to Congress calling for the restoration of Queen Lili`uokalani as sovereign
July 4, 1894
Republic of Hawai`i declared
January, 1895
Unsuccessful attempt by Royalists to restore the Queen, Lili`uokalani and 200 others arrested and tried, Queen abdicates throne under duress
July 7, 1898
President McKinley signs illegal resolution to annex Hawai`i
1900
Hawai`i becomes territory of the United States through the Organic Act imposed on Hawai`i
1921
Congress passes Hawaiian Homes Commission Act to provide land for Kanaka Maoli settlement, in response to severely declining population and conditions of life (fails miserably by design)
1945
Hawai`i placed under Article 73 of the United Nations Charter as a Non-Self-Governing Territory, under the administering authority of the United States
August 21, 1959
United States claims Hawai`i as a state of the union after illegal "plebiscite" vote is held, which does not offer the option of independence, as required by international law
1978
Office of Hawaiian Affairs created in state Constitutional Convention
November 23, 1993
United States apologizes for the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai`i, recognizes the inherent sovereignty and right of self-determination of the Kanaka Maoli people

According to the Big Bang theory, the universe originated in an infinitely dense singularity. Space has expanded with the passage of time, objects being moved farther away from each other.
This illustration shows abstracted "slices" of space at different points in time. It is simplified as it shows only two of three spatial dimensions, to allow for the time axis to be displayed conveniently.

• O ke au i kahuli wela ka honua
• O ke au i kahuli lole ka lani
• O ke au i kuka'iaka ka la
• E ho'omalamalama i ka malama
• O ke au o Makali'i ka po
• O ka walewale ho'okumu honua ia
• O ke kumu o ka lipo, i lipo ai
• O ke kumu o ka Po, i po ai
• O ka lipolipo, o ka lipolipo
• O ka lipo o ka la, o ka lipo o ka po
• Po wale ho--'I
• Hanau ka po
• Hanau Kumulipo i ka po, he kane
• Hanau Po'ele i ka po, he wahine
At the time when the earth became hot
At the time when the heavens turned about
At the time when the sun was darkened
To cause the moon to shine
The time of the rise of the Pleiades
The slime, this was the source of the earth
The source of the darkness that made darkness
The source of the night that made night
The intense darkness, the deep darkness
Darkness of the sun, darkness of the night
Nothing but night
The night gave birth
Born was Kumulipo in the night, a male
Born was Po'ele in the night, a female
•
• Hanau ka 'Uku-ko'ako'a, hanau kana, he 'Ako'ako'a, puka
Born was the coral polyp, born was the coral, came forth
•
• Hanau ke Ko'e-enuhe 'eli ho'opu'u honua
Born was the grub that digs and heaps up the earth, came forth
•
• Hanau kana, he Ko'e, puka
Born was his [child] an earthworm, came forth
•
• Hanau ka Pe'a, ka Pe'ape'a kana keiki puka
Born was the starfish, his child the small starfish came forth….

A Little Hawaiian Vocabulary
• Ka’ao – Fictional story or a story with fantastic aspect to it.
• Mo’olelo – Sacred true stories about gods; told only by day and listeners must not move in front of speaker.
• Mana – Supernatural or divine power, miraculous power, authority; outstanding character.
• Ohana – Family, relative, kin group, extended family, clan.
• Kama’aina – Native-born, one born in a place, host; native plant; acquainted, familiar.
• Kumulipo – Origin, genesis, source of life, mystery; name of the Hawaiian creation chant.
• Kanaloa – A major god.
• Akua – God, goddess, spirit, ghost, devil, image, idol, corpse; divine, supernatural, godly. Akua might mate with humans and give birth to normal humans.
• Kahuna – Priest, sorcerer, magician, wizard, minister, expert in any profession (whether male or female); in the 1845 laws doctors, surgeons, and dentists were called kahuna.
• Pō – Night, darkness, obscurity; the realm of the gods; pertaining to or of the gods, chaos, or hell; dark, obscure, benighted; formerly the period of 24 hours beginning with nightfall (the Hawaiian
“day” began at nightfall)
• Heiau – Pre-Christian place of worship, shrine; some heiau were elaborately constructed stone platforms, others simple earth terraces. Many are preserved today
• ‘Aumākua – Family or personal gods, deified ancestors who might assume the shape of sharks
(all islands except Kaua’i), owls (as at Mānoa, O'ahu and Ka’ū and Puna, Hawai’i), hawks
(Hawai’i), ‘elepaio, ‘iwi, mudhens, octopuses, eels, mice, rats, dogs, caterpillars, rocks, cowries, clouds, or plants. A symbiotic relationship existed; mortals did not harm or eat ‘aumākua (they fed sharks), and ‘aumākua warned and reprimanded mortals in dreams, visions, and calls.
• wahi pana –Legendary or sacred place.
• Pau – Finished, ended, through, terminated, completed, over, all done; final, finishing; entirely, completely, very much; after; all, to have all; to be completely possessed, consumed, destroyed.

The Kapu System separated Hawaiian society into four groups of people:
1.
The Ali’i, chiefs who ruled specific territories and who held their positions on the basis of family ties and leadership abilities - the chiefs were thought to be descendants of the gods and the highest chiefs, Ali’i Kapu, were considered gods
2. The Kahuna, priests or skilled craftspersons that performed important religious ceremonies and served the Ali’i as close advisers
3.
The Maka’ainana, commoners (by far the largest group) who raised, stored, and prepared food, built houses and canoes, and performed other daily tasks
4. The Kauwa, outcasts forced to lead lives segregated from the rest of Hawaiian society.
The Kapu (laws) regulating conservation of natural resources were usually farsighted and just. However, prohibitions upon the commoners were sometimes severe. There were different Kapu for different infractions. The most serious were laws of the gods, Kapu Akua, and laws of the chief, Kapu Ali’i. The chief had power over life and death. All he had to do was utter the word and a person would be killed. The chief could also utter a word to spare a life. As formidable as some Kapu were there was also a Kapu Akua (a law of the gods) providing for pardon, clemency, absolution, and mercy. This was known as
Puuhonua or "refuge" from capital punishment.

Some Principal Gods of Hawaii
• Akua or Kupua – The actual gods who created everything, and keeps everything working.
• Ha'iaka – Sister of the goddess Pele.
• Haumea – She was daughter to Papa (a fertility goddess) and mother to Pele (female-volcanoes) and Hi'aika (dance-specifically the hula).
• Kanaloa – Kanaloa is coupled with the God Kane. Kanaloa is the old Polynesian sea god of death, darkness, water, and squid. Under the influence of sorcery, Kane has the character to heal:
Kanaloa, god of the squid,
• Kane – Hawaiian god of the forests and trees. Kane was the leading god of the great gods named by the Hawaiians. He represented the god of procreation and was worshipped as ancestor of chiefs and commoners. Kane is the creator and gives life associated with dawn, sun and sky.
• Hina – The first woman; she is represented with two heads, i.e. night and day. She is the guardian of the underworld, as well as a patroness of arts and crafts.
• Kapua – The divine tricksters or mischief-makers of Hawaii.
• Ki'i – Hawaiian creator god or first created man.
• Kupua – Generic term for the demigods of Hawaii, as opposed to the Akua,the gods proper.
• Ku – Ku (male or husband), and Hina (female or wife) were the rulers of the ancient people and are the earliest gods. They are great ancestral gods of earth and heaven who have general control over the bounty of earth and generations of mankind. Ku freed one from their faults and errors. He is associated with sacrifice and prisoners. Ku represents the East, or the sun rising, which indicates morning. Ku equals "rising upright." Hina represents the West, or the sun setting, which indicates evening. Hina means "leaning down."
• Laka – Hawaiian goddess of song and dance.
• Lono – Clouds and the phenomena of storms are associated with Lono. Lono brings on the rains and dispenses fertility. Lono is the god of harvest. Lono-makua (Father Lono) is the name given to portray the god during the Pre-Contact time.
• Pele – Hawaiian goddess of volcanic fire, personification of the female power of destruction.

Queen Lili’uokalani
King Kalakaua

Offspring of mortals who had mated with the akua (primary gods) also ancestors whose bones had been specially stripped of flesh upon death, wrapped in kapa and ceremonially prepared before the bones were placed in the custody of another descendant