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PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Name the source of Taq polymerase. Explain the advantage of its use in biotechnology.
Biotechnologists refer to Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a natural genetic engineer of plants .Give
reasons to support the statement.
What are recombinant proteins? How do bioreactors help in their production?
A recombinant vector with a gene of interest inserted within the gene of α galactosidase enzyme, is
introduced into a bacterium.Explain the method that would help in selection of recombinant colonies
from non-recombinant ones.Why is this method of selection referred to as insertional inactivation?
5’
GAATTC
3’
3’
CTTAAG
5’ is the palindrome of a restriction enzyme. Name the enzyme and indicate
the site where it cuts this palindrome sequence
PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY-ANSWERS
Thermusaquaticus.It is a thermostable DNA polymerase, does not get denaturedand remain active
during PCR.
Can transfer gene naturally/ Can deliver a piece of TDNA/ has tumour inducing plasmid.
Any protein produced by genetically altered gene in a host .Bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in
which raw biologically converted into specific products./ A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions
for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions.
a.bacteria is grown in a medium with chromogenic substrate, colonies formed show blue colour – no
recombinants =1/2x3=1 ½
b)gene for the enzyme is inactivated by insertion = 1/2
Eco R 1 ; Between G and A
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ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
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Why is exponential growth not obtained under normal conditions in a population?
Predators maintain species diversity in a community. Justify.
Calotropis weed is selectively avoided by many grazing animals. Give reason.
Why do polar animals generally have small ears and shorter limbs?
The female mosquito is not considered a parasite though it sucks our blood. Why?
What are the symptoms of altitude sickness? Write the adaptations seen among tribes to
overcome it.
Differentiate between :Stenothermal &Eurythermal
Write short note on Gause Principle and resource partitioning.
What are the types of age pyramids with reference to human population?Explain.
Explain four different responses of organisms to abiotic factors.
ORGANISMS AND POPULATION -ANSWERS
Resources are always limited under field conditions.
By reducing the intensity of competition among the competing prey species.
It contains highly poisonous cardiac glycoside.
To minimize heat loss.
A female mosquito sucks our blood and may cause a temporary disorder but does not harm /damage its
host unless it carries a pathogen.
Nausea, fatigue and heart palpitations are the symptoms of altitude sickness.
The body compensates low oxygen availabilityby increasing red blood cell production, decreasing the
binding affinity of hemoglobin and by increasing breathing rate.
A few organisms can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temperatures (they are called eurythermal).
A vast majority of them are restricted to a narrow range of temperatures (such
organisms are called stenothermal).
Gause’s ‘Competitive Exclusion Principle’ states that two closely related species competing for the
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same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated
eventually.
In ‘resource partitioning’ if two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition
by choosing, for instance, different times for feeding or different foraging patterns.
MacArthur showed that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to
avoid competition and co-exist due to behavioural differences in their foraging activities.
The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the population - (a) whether it is growingexpanding (b) stable or (c) declining –Explanation.
(i)Regulate: (ii) Conform: (iii) Migrate: (iv) Suspend: -explanation
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
India has more than 50,000 different strains of rice and 1000 varieties of mangoes.What do
you infer from the statement?
Would Western Ghats ecosystem will be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost
forever?
Expand IUCN.
Name the process by which a lake becomes dead.
What is snow blindness ?
National parks come under in situ conservation while zoological parks come under ex situ
conservation. Comment.
What are Hot Spots?What are the two criteria for determining the hot spot?
Describe the case study of remedy for plastic waste .
Amazon forests are regarded as “Lungs of the planet”.Give reasons.
Give an account of factors leading to the loss of biodiversity.
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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ANSWERS
It speaks about genetic diversity.
According to Rivet-Popper hypothesis, each species is essential in the balance of nature
Hence, the loss of key species will bring about imbalance in an ecosystem.
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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Eutrophication .
Due to ozone depletion the UV radiations are absorbed by the cornea of the human eye which causes
the inflammation of the cornea
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1. National Parks – It is the practice of protecting endangered species in their natural habitat.
2 .Zoological parks – It is the practice of protecting threatened species with special care away
from natural habitat.
The hot spots are the richest and most threatened reservoirs of plant and
animal life on Earth.
Criteria-1 Number of endemic species .
2 Degree of threat .
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Ahmed Khan prepared Polyblend, a fine powder of modified plastic.
He added Polyblend and bitumen when used to lay roads enhanced bitumen’s water repelling
properties which helped to increase the road life by a factor of three.
Un disturbed,lessseasonal,more solar energy available-results in greater biodiversity ,have a large
number of plant species which release large amount of oxygen.
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i. Habitat loss and fragmentation.
ii. Over exploitation.
iii. Introduction of alien species.
iv. Co-extinction. With explanation
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ECOSYSTEM
Detritus food chain cannot support many trophic levels. Why?
Which state is common between hydrarch and xerarch succession?
Which food chain in the environment is operative in the form of food web?
Why are all the pyramids upright in most of the ecosystems?
Expand NPP.
Mention the steps in decomposition.
Among primary succession and secondary succession which one takes a longer time and why?
Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem
Draw flow diagram of Phosphorous cycle.
With help of two examples explain inverted pyramids.
Mention the steps in primary succession in water.
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ECOSYSTEM- ANSWERS
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Energy transfer is very less from one trophic level to the other.
Climax forest.
(i )Omnivorous nature (ii ) One animal depends on many types of animal for food.
Energy at the lower trophic level is more than at higher trophic level.
Net Primary Productivity
Fragmentation,leaching,catabolism,humification,mineralisation.
Primary succession takes a longer time because it starts with the bare rock and has to move up to the
climax whereas secondary succession will proceed in an already formed area. So, takes comparatively
less time for its establishment
Energy flow in an ecosystem-10 % law at different trophic levels
Six steps in flow diagram of Phosphorous cycle
Ocean (pyramid of bio mass) and tree(pyramid of numbers) as ecosyatem-explanation.
Figure 14.5 - NCERT-only steps in primary succession(six steps in order)
Questions:- PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1) What is biotechnology?
2) Define plasmid.
3) What are molecular scissors?
4) What do you mean by recognition sequence?
5) Which enzymes act as molecular glue?
6) What is elution?
7) What are cloning vectors?
8) Name the sequence within a cloning vector from where the replication commences.
9) Mention the bacteria that acts as natural genetic engineer.
10) Name any two processes by which alien DNA is introduced into the host cell.
11) Expand the term PCR.
12) Name the microorganism from which the thermostable DNA polymerase required
for PCR is obtained?
13) What is a bioreactor?
14) What are the two main processes involved in downstream processing?
15)What is a palindromic sequence?
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ANSWERS: PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1) Large scale production and marketing of products and processes using living organisms,
cells or enzymes.
2) Autonomously replicating circular , extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA used in gene
manipulation.
3) Restriction enzymes.
4) Restriction endonucleases always cut DNA at a specific point by recognizing a specific
sequences of base pair known as recognition sequence.
5) DNA ligases
6) The ultimate step in the separation and isolation of DNA fragments through gel
electrophoresis in which separated bands of DNAs are cut out from the gel and extracted
from the gel piece.
7) Cloning vectors are extra-chromosomal 'replicons' of DNA which can be isolated and can
replicate independently of the chromosome. DNA of interest can be cloned into the vector
and replicated in host cells
8) ORI point
9) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
10)Microinjection,biolistics(gene gun)
11) Polymerase Chain Reaction
12) Thermusaquaticus
13) Large scale biotechnological product involves the use of bioreactor.
14) Separation and purification.
15) A segment of double-stranded DNA in which the nucleotide sequence of one strand
reads same in reverse order to that of the complementary strand.
Mrs.SANTHI VELCHAMY; PGT( Biology) ; KV ONGC CHANDKHEDA