ENERGY STORAGE
FOR THE MODERN GRID
IMRE GYUK, PROGRAM MANAGER
ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE
APS 3 - 2 - 08
Energy Storage provides Energy
when it is needed
just as Transmission provides Energy
where it is needed
Scales of Power
Military
10000
Current (A)
Hybrid Electric
Vehicles
Utility
Utility
1000
100
Ships
Consumer Products
10
Traction
Aerospace
1
10
100
1k
Voltage (V)
10k
100k
DRIVERS FOR THE MODERN GRID:
DIGITIZATION OF SOCIETY:
INCREASED POWER QUALITY
ECOLOGICAL CONCERN:
DISPATCHABLE RENEWABLES
GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
INCREASED ASSET UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE OFFERS A SOLUTION!
POWER
Seconds
LOAD
GRID
PQ,
Digital
Reliability
Voltage
Support,
Transients
minutes – hours
ENERGY
diurnal
DER Support for
Load Following
Peak Shaving
to Avoid
Demand Charges
Smoothing
of Renewables,
Frequ. Reg.
Micro Grids
Dispatchability
Of Renewables
Mitigation of
Transm. Congest.
Spinning Reserve
ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
Storage Technologies and Regimes of Application
A. Nourai
RELIABILITY
AND POWER QUALITY
Has Become a Necessity for the
Digital Society
Any Stressed Un-buffered
Non-linear System is Highly
Susceptible to Collapse !
Stored vs. Delivered Energy:
• 2.5% U.S
• 10% Europe
• 15% Japan
Outage Costs for U.S. Industry estimated at
$79 Billion Annually in a recent study
by Joe Eto, LBL
Total U.S. Cost of Electricity $250 Billion Annually
U.S. Total:
$79 Billion
Sustained
Interruptions
33%
$26.3 Billion
Momentary Interruptions
(<5min)
are More Costly than
Sustained Interruptions
$52.3 Billion
Joe Eto
LBL
Momentary
Interruptions
67%
Nine Nines of Reliability
cannot be provided by
Generation
--Only Energy Storage
can provide
seamless Continuity
of Power Supply
L/A Battery for Power Quality and Reliability
10 MW - 30 sec System at Microchip Plant
Ni-Cd Battery for Outage Support
World’s most Powerful Battery
40 MW in Fairbanks, Alaska!
In 2006: responded to 82 events
preventing 311,000 member outages
Energy Storage provides both
Real (MW) Power and
Reactive (MVAR) Power
locally
Voltage Fluctuations are expensive
and require Mitigation.
Storage provides a good Solution
DG LOAD FOLLOWING
FREQUENCY REGULATION
RENEWABLE SMOOTHING
MICROGRIDS
Flywheels
for Grid Frequency Regulation
Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is
to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response
to an ISO signal. Flywheel storage could respond instantaneously!
A Beacon Flywheel being assembled
CEC / DOE PROJECT:
Beacon Power 100 kW
Flywheel System for
Grid Frequency Regulation
Design for a 20MW Facility with
100kW flywheels funded by DOE
Containerized 7 Flywheel System
Flywheels represent an 80% reduction in CO2 emission over
present methods
In addition, Flywheels are twice as effective as Fossil
Generation
100 MW of storage could eliminate 90% of Frequency Variation
in California
Substantial Penetration of
Intermittent Renewable Generation
such as Wind, Wave or Solar
will considerably increase
Voltage (Frequency) Fluctuations ...
which in turn requires
increased Frequency Regulation
and needs extra Fossil Generation
or else Energy Storage
The BPA / DOE Wind Project:
To Smooth out Fluctuations from
a 48 MW Wind Farm on the BPA Grid
Measured Wind Voltage
July 14-Aug.14, 06
Wind Integration
34.5 kV
PCC
69 kV
Grid
48MW Wind Farm
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3-phase coupling
transformer
Condon, OR Wind Farm
Weak grid
Pronounced PQ issues
10 MVA Statcom
BPA, DOE, TVA, EPRI
Prototype for smoothing
major contributions from
Wind and Wave Energy
Supercaps
ETO-Based Converter
ULTRACAPS
FOR A 1.25 MW MICRO-GRID:
450 kW Maxwell EC-Capacitors
to provide Wind Smoothing and Backup
Power for the Palmdale, CA Water
Treatment Plant
CEC / DOE PROJECT
GENERATION:
2 x 225 kW Energy Bridge Ultracaps
950 kW Wind Turbine (Average!)
800 kW + 350kW Backup Diesel
250 kW Natural Gas Backup Generator
244 kW Hydroelectric Generator
LOAD:
320 kW Critical Load
930 kW Non-critical Load
The Palmdale, CA Treatment Plant
PEAK SHAVING
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
UPGRADE DEFERRAL
RENEWABLE
DISPATCHABILITY
100
Peak load 25% higher than 95% load level
80
Load (GW)
MISO Load Duration Curve
95% Load Level
60
40
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Number of Hours
Energy Storage will allow increased Asset Utilization
for Generation and Transmission thereby reducing the
Number of Polluting Peaker Plants
FLOW BATTERIES:
Power and Energy are separated.
Power Depends on the Conversion Cell
Energy Depends on the Stored Electrolyte
 Vanadium Redox
 Zinc-Bromine
CASTLE ROCK, UTAH
Provides Peak Power
Without Distrib. Upgrade
500kW / 2MWh
Vanadium Redox Battery
By VRB Power Systems
Expandable to 1MW
VRB TANK INSTALLATION
SODIUM-SULFUR
(NAS) BATTERY
6 MW / 8hrs NGK Sodium-Sulfur
Batteries for Load Management and
Backup at a Japanese Resort Town
Schematic Diagram of NaS Cell
1MW NaS Battery
to Store Off Peak Power
NYSERDA / DOE PROJECT:
For 1,800HP Natural Gas
Compressor in a Long
Island NG Refueling
Station for 220 Busses
Relieves LIPA Peak Load,
Eliminates Night Shift at
Plant
Partnership with NYPA
Costshares from NY ISO, TVA,
EPRI, Southern, First Energy,
ComEd, PSE&G, APPA, LIPA,
Hydro Quebec, San Diego G&E
Three 600-HP compressors + 1 MW NaS battery
Charleston, WV Appalachian Power Substation
1.2 MW / 6hr NaS Battery
for Substation Support:
AEP / DOE PROJECT
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S&C Power Conditioning System
developed with DOE Funding
(R&D 100)
First Commercial Application in US.
Provides Backup during Peak Load
Defers Upgrade by 5 to 6 Years
Reduces Transformer Heat up
Potential Arbitrage Benefits 10K/month
Generic Design funded by DOE
Commissioned June 26, 2006
Aggressive Renewable Standards:
CA – 20% by 2017
NV – 20% by 2015
NY - 25% by 2013
Kyoto Protocol!!!
Such Mandates can only be reached
if Renewables are smoothed
and made dispatchable
by Energy Storage
High Penetration of Renewables
will need appreciable
Spinning Reserve
to accommodate Ramping
Storage can also increase total
Throughput of Renewable Energy
by improving Asset Utilization
on Transmisssion Lines
Diesel / Wind / Battery Hybrid
at King Island, Tasmania
1500 kW Diesel
2450 kW Wind
200 kW / 4 hrs
VRB Batteries
Operation Schematic
Batteries will:
Smooth short term Wind
Firm Capacity
Load Shift to optimize Diesel
Experience shows that running
Diesel Generators at constant Power Output
Saves some 20% in Fuel,
Decreases Pollution,
and Increases Lifetime of the Generator
Rokkasho Windfarm in Northern Japan
Night
Day
Japan Target:
3,000 MW Wind by 2010
Rokkasho:
Discharge
Charge
Wind
Compens. Power
51 MW Wind
34 MW / 7 hr NaS Storage
24 Hour Advance Planning depending
on Wind and Load Forecast
Expected Completion Date: April 2008
Fossil Fuel Generation produces
Greenhouse Gases
In addition, Coal-fired Generation has
adverse Health Impacts
Ontario Medical Association estimated
such Health effects at $10 Billion
annually for Ontario’s 3,000 MW of Coal
COMPRESSED AIR
ENERGY STORAGE:
Inexpensive Off-Peak
Power is used to Compress
Air for Storage in Aquifers.
On-Peak, Compressed Air is
used as Input for Gas
Turbine Compressor,
increasing Efficiency
A DOE/ Iowa Muni Project
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200 MW Aquifer Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
with 75 MW of Wind and off-peak Power planned by
Iowa Associated Municipal Utilities
US:
 Congressional Interest: FY07 Energy Bill
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has separate Storage Section with substantial Funding
DOE Office of Science Initiative on Basic Storage Research
DOE Solar, Vehicle Program have Storage programs
Programs at CEC, NYSERDA, BPA continue with new solicitations
Interest among Utilities such as AEP, PG&E, SoCalEdison, NRECA
Interest among Investment Community
Global Cimate and Energy Project at Stanford, $3M solicitation
International:
 Australia: Storage Initiative with 6 Projects
 Canada: National Resource Canada preparing Initiative
 Saudi Arabia: New Research Center at Dhahran.
Storage one of 5 initiatives
 Basque Rebublic: New renewables Research Center
with Wave Energy and Storage as top priority
Energy Storage can:
Provide Power Quality and Digital Reliability,
Provide Voltage and Frequency Regulation
to smoothe Renewables
Allow better Asset Utilization
of Generation and Transmission
Provide Spinning Reserve
and Energy Management
to make Renewables Dispatchable
Requirements
for Storage Technologies
in Utility Applications
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Cost, Cost, Cost!
Reliability
Lifetime
Efficiency
Environmental Acceptability
Safety
Compactness
Develop Batteries and Supercapacitors with
Double the Energy Density, Double the Lifetime,
and Improved Safety

Basic Research Needs for Storage –
DOE Office of Science
Energy = ½ C V2
 Research new Tailored Electrolytes
with higher Voltage
 Research nano-structured Electrodes
with better penetration
Develop Ultra- high speed Flywheels with energy
densities 5x Li-Ion
Materials with high tensile Strength and high tensile
modulus such as Carbon-nanotubes fused in Glass or Silica
allow use of speeds up to and beyond 1M RPM !
IGCC - FC Hybrid, Biomass,
Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon FC
Bulk Generation
Wind
Transmission
& Distribution
Transmission
Substation
Commercial
Residential
Distribution
Substation
Gensets
, Solar, FC, LM
Industrial
Gensets
, Solar, Fuel Cells (FC),
Load Management (LM)
Gensets
, FC, LM
Nourai, AEP
Distributed Storage, Distributed Generation, and
Distributed Intelligence will be essential for the
Grid of the Future
IN CONCLUSION:
• Energy Storage can be an effective Tool
for Utilities as well as Customers
• Storage Technology is developing more
Options for more potential Applications
• The Importance of Storage to the Grid
is becoming increasingly Accepted
Energy Storage
is a Disruptive Technology
whose Adoption will induce a
Paradigm Shift
in the Entire Utility Industry
!!!
RESOURCES
http://www.sandia.gov/ess/
EPRI/DOE Energy Storage Handbook
ESA Annual Meeting (Anaheim, May, ’08)
DOE Prog. Rev. (DC, Sep. ‘08)
Storage Technologies Capital Costs per Cycle
ESA Data