17.1 THE HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
-differences in methods of classifying
-how to write scientific names
-how to use a dichotomous key
-the taxa in biological classification
 MAIN IDEA
-Biologists use a system of classification to
ORGANIZE information about the diversity of living
things
READING Q’s
1-IDENTIFY: who developed the first commonly accepted
system of classification?
-ARISTOTLE
READING Q’s
2-CLASSIFY:
Using Aristotle’s classification system, classify the following-DAISY
- PLANT / herb
-DOG
-ANIMAL / land
-WHALE
-ANIMAL / water
READING Q’s
3-EXPLAIN
-how did Linnaeus’s system of classification build on Aristotle’s
system?
-kept the morphological component
-ADDED behavior
READING Q’s
4-IDENTIFY
-which is the correct name for this bird?
-Cardinalis cardinalis
READING Q’s
5-DESCRIBE
-how should a scientific name be written by hand?
-it should be underlined
READING Q’s
6-COMPARE:
How is today's classification system different from Linnaeus's
system?
-shows EVOLUTIONARY relationships
READING Q’s
7-DETERMINE:
At what level on the pyramid of taxa is the American black
bear distinguished from the Asiatic black bear?
-shows SPECIES
INSTRUCTOR LED CORNELL NOTES
17.1 CLASSIFICATION
WHY CLASSIFY?
1-NAME/ORDER in logical manner
to IDENTIFY relationships between organisms
2-ASSIGNS universally accepted NAME to organisms
to ELIMINATE confusion
CRITERIA for CLASSIFICATION
classification—
grouping of objects based on a specified set of criteria
CRITERIA EXAMPLES:
-physical characteristics
-behavior of organisms
-relationships between organisms
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1-Aristotle
-Formed the 1st known classification system (2,000 yrs ago)
-Plants and Animals
-based on: where they spent most of their life.
-Air, Land and Water
2-Carolus Linnaeus
-founded the modern taxonomy
-naming system based on PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
-two part naming system based on LATIN
-GENUS:
groups with many similar characteristics
-SPECIES:
specific to one organism
RULES/EXAMPLES
1-printed in ITALICS (underline if hand written)
2-first name GENUS, second name SPECIES
3-Genus always starts with CAPITAL letter
4-species always starts with lower case letter
EXAMPLE
• Canis lupis
• C. lupis
Taxonomic STRUCTURE
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Large
Small
Kids Pick Candy Over Field Green Salads
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
-TOOL used to identify group of organisms
-OBSERVE characteristics of each organism
-series of 2 CHOICES used to guide classification
PRACTICE:
“key out” the kangaroo, cow, bee and spider
EXAMPLE- Human Classification
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primata
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species - Sapien
GROUP WORK: GUIDED NOTES
-As a group complete the guided note sheet using your
knowledge from the reading.
TAXONOMY
taxonomy--science of NAMING organisms & CLASSIFYING
them into groups
-based on natural relationships among organisms
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
IDENTIFY:
-the parts of Linnaeus’ two-word naming system
genus
group of similar
species
species
characteristics
of organisms
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
DISTINGUISH:
-the genus and specific name for species of modern humans
Homo sapians
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
IDENTIFY:
1- Which statement describes the Linnaean system of
biological classification?
it was based on behavioral and morphological similarities
and differences among organisms
2- In binomial nomenclature, the first part of an organism's
name identifies the genus, and the second part identifies the:
species
3-What is the correct way that the scientific name for the
American black bear should appear in print?
Ursus americanus
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
REVIEW:
-morphology—
-
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
LABEL: the diagram of taxa
SPECIES
GENUS
FAMILY
ORDER
CLASS
PHYLUM
KINGDOM
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
COMPARE data in the table below to determine which two animals are
most closely related.
COYOTE
WOLF
-_______________&________________
SUPPORT your reasoning:
-classification is IDENTICAL down to species
ANALYZE at which level the blue whale diverges from the other animals
on the table-ORDER
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
SUMMARIZE how a dichotomous key works: (bulleted statements)
-_______________________________ ___________________________________
-__________________________________________________________________
-__________________________________________________________________
APPLICATION:
Using the dichotomous key provided, IDENTIFY the
! DICHOTOMOUS KEY
Norns
write
their
scientific
in their
thescientific
blanks.
APPLICATION:and
Using the
dichotomous
key provided,
IDENTIFY thename
Norns and write
name in the blanks.
Norns belong to the genus Norno, divided into 8 species generally located in specific regions of the world.
1 – pointed ears------------------------------------- go to 3
rounded ears---------------------------------- -- go to 2
2 – NO tail-------------------------------------------- Kentuckyus
tail------------------------------------------------ Dakotus
A
3 – ears point upward----------------------------ears point downward-------------------------
go to 5
go to 4
4 – engages in waving behavior----------------has hairy tufts on ears------------------------
Dallus
Californius
5 – engages in waving behavior---------------does not engage in waving behavior------
WalaWala
go to 6
6 – has hair on head------------------------------NO hair on head (may have ear tufts)----
Beverlus
go to 7
7 – has tail-------------------------------------------NO tail, aggressive-----------------------------
Yorkio
Rajus
B
rajus
dallus
beverlus
E
D
kentuckyus
G
californius
A-__________________________
E-__________________________
B-__________________________
F-__________________________
C-__________________________
G-__________________________
D-__________________________
H-__________________________
dakotus
C
H
yorkio
F
walawala