Fig. 4-1, p. 80
Functional Diversity The biological and
chemical processes such as energy flow
and matter recycling needed for the survival
of species, communities, and ecosystems.
Heat
Chemical
nutrients
(carbon dioxide,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
minerals)
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Decomposers
(bacteria, fungi)
Heat
Ecological Diversity The
variety of terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems
found in an area or on
the earth.
Producers
(plants)
Consumers
(plant eaters,
meat eaters)
Genetic Diversity The variety
of genetic material within a
species or a population.
Heat
Species Diversity The number
and abundance of species
present in different communities. Fig. 4-2, p. 82
Supplement 5, Fig. 2, p. S19
Fig. 4-5, p. 84
Fig. 4-B, p. 85
Fig. 4-6, p. 86
Supplement 5, Fig. 2, p. S18
A group of bacteria,
including genetically
resistant ones, are
exposed to an
antibiotic
Normal
bacterium
Most of the normal
bacteria die
The genetically
resistant bacteria
start multiplying
Eventually the
resistant strain
replaces the strain
affected by
the antibiotic
Resistant
bacterium
Stepped Art
Fig. 4-7, p. 87
225 million years ago
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
135 million years ago
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
65 million years ago
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Present
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
18,000 years
before
present
Northern Hemisphere
Ice coverage
Modern day
(August)
Legend
Continental ice
Sea ice
Land above sea level
Fig. 4-9, p. 89
Adapted to cold through
heavier fur, short ears,
short legs, and short
nose. White fur matches
snow for camouflage.
Arctic Fox
Northern
population
Early fox
population
Different environmental
conditions lead to different
selective pressures and
evolution into two different
species.
Spreads
northward and
southward and
separates
Gray Fox
Southern
population
Adapted to heat through
lightweight fur and long
ears, legs, and nose,
which give off more heat.
Fig. 4-10, p. 91
Used to live in
the cloud
forest – went
extinct in 1989
when the
forest dried up
Fig. 4-11, p. 92
High species richness
High species evenness
Low species richness
Low species evenness
Fig. 4-12, p. 93
Supplement 8, Fig. 6, p. S36
Fig. 4-13, p. 95
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Flamingo
feeds on
minute
organisms
in mud
Brown pelican
dives for fish,
Avocet sweeps bill
which it locates through mud and
from the air
surface water in
search of small
crustaceans,
insects, and seeds
Scaup and other
diving ducks
feed on
mollusks,
crustaceans,
and aquatic
vegetation
Louisiana
heron wades
into water to
seize small
fish
Herring
gull is a
Ruddy
tireless
turnstone
scavenger
searches
Dowitcher probes
under shells
deeply into mud in
and pebbles
search of snails,
for small
marine worms, and
invertebrates
small crustaceans
Oystercatcher feeds
on clams, mussels,
and other shellfish
into which it pries
its narrow beak
Knot (sandpiper)
picks up worms
and small
crustaceans left
by receding tide
Piping plover
feeds on insects
and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Fig. 4-14, p. 96