Chapter 16
Eighteenth Century European Rivalries
George Anson's
capture of a
Manila galleon,
painted by
Samuel Scott
before 1772
Who was the British architect of victory in the
Seven Year’s War by financially supporting
Frederick II and defeating France in North
America?
James Wolfe
William Pitt the Elder
Robert Clive
George Grenville
William Pitt the Younger
Why did the Commonwealthmen have little
influence in Great Britain?
Because the British people regarded themselves
as the freest people in the world.
Why did the Commonwealthmen have greater
influence in North America?
Because the American colonists did NOT regard
themselves as the freest people in the world and
resented what they considered the loss of their rights.
What is the difference between libel and slander?
libel is written untruths or defamation of another
person but slander is spoken untruths or defamation
of another person
Just as Sir Robert Walpole had been pressured into
the War of Jenkins’ Ear to protect British commercial
Cardinal Fleury was forced to give up his
interests, so _____________
planned naval assault on British trading interests in
Prussians
order to support the ___________against
Austria,
which was France’s traditional enemy.
Sir Robert Walpole began the practice of
patronage in government and Parliament. What
is patronage?
Patronage is the putting one’s supporters in
positions of power
What began the First Stage of European
worldwide expansion?
The Voyages of Discovery or Exploration
And what followed the Voyages of Discovery?
The Spanish and Portuguese conquest and
settlement of the New World; and the
penetration of Indian and Southeast Asian
markets by the Portuguese and Dutch.
and a little later?
the British and French settlement of North
America
What catastrophic event brought the Third
Stage of European worldwide expansion?
World War II
The Russo-Japanese War

World War I
The Korean War
The defeat of Napoleon
Frederick II became King of Prussia in 1740. He
immediately ignored the Pragmatic Sanction of
Charles VI and seized what Austrian province?
Hungary
Pomerania
Cleves
Bohemia

Silesia
When John Wilkes was briefly imprisoned in May of
No Justice, No Peace
1768; his supporters cried_____________________.
Soldiers fired on the unarmed crowd killing seven
and wounding fifteen. What was this unfortunate
incident called?
The Boston Massacre
The London Riots
St George's Fields Massacre
The Gordon Riots
From whom do the Saramaka people who live
in present day Suriname and maintain an
elaborate oral tradition trace their descent?
Creoles
Corregidores
Intendants
Mestizos
Maroons
What was the Second Stage of European worldwide
expansion?
The growth of the Mercantilist Empires
What were its characteristics?
The Period of the Mercantilist Empires was
dominated by colonial trade rivalry between
Spain, France and Great Britain.
What about the Dutch and Portuguese?
The Dutch and Portuguese maintained more modest
colonial holdings but were minor players.
What was the pivotal element of the first two
stages of European worldwide expansion?
The growth of slavery
Why was the importation of slaves important?
Slaves (which were cheap and easily
obtainable) made plantations which grew
sugar cane, rice, indigo and tobacco
immensely profitable.
In 1670, when Louis XIV and Charles II signed
the Treaty of Dover, what nation controlled
Peru, Cuba, the Philippines, the American
Southwest and Florida?
Portugal
England
The Netherlands
Spain
France
In the Spanish colonies in the Americas, what four
Viceroyalties appeared?
In 1521: New Spain
[Mexico and Central America]
In 1542: New Castile
[Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]
In 1717: New Granada
[Panama, Colombia and Venezuela]
In 1776: Rio de la Plata
[Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and much of modern Argentina]
Name the numbered areas on the map
1 Brazil
2 New Spain [Mexico]
3 Gulf of Mexico
4 Caribbean Sea
5 New Granada
[Venezuela, Colombia Panama]
6 New Castile [Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]
Who was the architect of the bringing France and
Austria into an alliance in 1756?
William Pitt the Elder
Louis Joseph de Montcalm.
Prince Wenzel Kaunitz
Lord Cornwallis
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
What were slaves who escaped and set up
communities of their own called?
Sons of Liberty
Intendants
Mestizos
Zambos
Maroons
What was the Third Stage of European
worldwide expansion?
The Third Stage occurred when European states in
nineteenth
the _____________century
carved out empires
world-wide as they outright annexed most of Africa
and India, settled Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa and Algeria; and economically penetrated
the Ottoman Empire, Persia, China and Japan.
What propelled this worldwide empire building
a combination of trade (spell that profit and $$$),
national honor, Christian missionary zeal and military
strategic considerations (such a coaling stations).
The Dutch East India Company, the French East
India Company and the English East India
Company were all examples of…
Empiricism
Royal Monopolies
Joint Stock Companies
Stock Exchanges
Bullionism
What event would bring about the final stage
of European worldwide expansion?
World War II
What is the period between World War I and
World War II called?
The Age of Anxiety
What was the name for this last stage of
European worldwide expansion which was
really a contraction?
The Period of Decolonization
Which of the following factors allowed
European powers to dominate most of the
world?
Desire for profits

Superior technology
Superior Culture
Awareness of Classical Civilizations
Missionary Fervor
Reconquista Spain
During and after the ___________,
militantly imposed its religion and culture upon
the conquered Muslims; so in like manner the
Spanish Crown imposed the Catholic religion
native peoples in
and Spanish culture on the ____________
the Americas. As the colonies grew in the 16th
century, two principal centers of authority
Mexico and Peru
arose: _____________.
What is the economic system in which private parties
make their goods and services available on a free
market and seek to take advantage of market
conditions to profit from their activities?
Capitalism
Where were the richest Dutch colonies located?
The East Indies
What is a Free Market?
A Free Market is an open arena in which businessmen
are free to compete with each other and the forces of
supply and demand
_________________to
determine the prices received
for goods and services.
After the passage of the Stamp Act, there was much
angry protesting in the colonies. What was the name
of quasi-political group, which led vociferous protests
which sometimes became violent demonstrations?
Abolitionists
The Amerindians
The Commonwealthmen
The Loyalists
The Sons of Liberty
In 1713-1714, the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt
the Spanish Succession allowed
ended the War of ___________________,
Philip V of Spain to keep his throne, blunted the
XIV
territorial dreams of Louis ____and
preserved what
essential principle by establishing boundaries for
the various European states?
The Divine Right of Kings
The preservation of traditional trade tariffs
Cuius religio, eius religio
 Balance of Power
It is important to understand that Capitalism
spawned Mercantilism. By what other names in
Mercantilism known?
Bullionism or the Mercantile System
Define Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the economic philosophy that tries
to increase the power of a nation by increasing its
monetary wealth through policies designed to
secure an accumulation of ________,
bullion a favorable
trade the development of agriculture
balance of ______,
and manufacturing, and the establishment of
foreign trading monopolies.
Who thought of the world as an arena of
limited resources and economic limitations; an
arena which had to be contested vigorously if
a nation was to grow richer?
Amerindians
 Mercantilists
Maroons
Commonwealthmen
The American Colonists
What is bullion?
Gold bars, silver bars, other precious-metals bars,
sometimes called ingots
What is a favorable Balance of Trade?
A Favorable Balance of Trade occurs when a
nation sells or exports more than it buys or
imports – thus creating wealth.
What is a monopoly?
A monopoly is the exclusive or complete control of an
entire supply of goods or services in a certain area or
market.
Viceroys were kept in check [checked up on] by?
Conquistadores
Corregidores
Peninsulares
 Audiencias
Which viceroyality was created because of War of
Jenkin’s Ear?
New Granada in 1717
What is a boon?
a benefit, aid or advantage
Because Mother Countries used their colonies to
provide markets for the mother country’s goods and
sources of natural resources for the Mother Country’s
benefit, the 18th century became known as
The Golden Age of Smuggling
What does ubiquitous mean?
Found everywhere - seeming to be seen everywhere
In what three overseas locations did the French
and the British clash?
North America, the West Indies and India
In North America, British and French colonists quarreled
over two main commodities. What were they?
Fishing rights and the Fur Trade
What did the British and French quarrel over in the
West Indies?
lucrative plantation crops: sugar, tobacco, cotton,
indigo and coffee; especially sugar!
What was the name of the administrators
who were appointed by the king of Spain
to govern in his place in the New World?
Conquistadores
Corregadores
 Viceroys
Mestizos
Peninsulares
Even after their defeat at Yorktown, the British had
tremendous military superiority. Why then did the
British grant the Americans their independence?
The British were tired of a war they could not
win; and a war that drained their treasurery.
They won many battles and held key cities but
they could not occupy such a vast territory.
Which English political party heavily influenced
the American colonial leaders because it drew
upon the political idealism of John Locke?
The Whigs
The English and the French did not interfere with
the Dutch holdings in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless
Mughal Empire The Islamic-Mongol Empire
as the _____________(
which controlled most of Northern India) and many of
its dependent states weakened, the French under
Joseph Dupleix (1697-1763) and the British under
_____________
Sir Robert Clive (1725-1774) both sought to
_____________
expand their footholds in India.
Which of the following could be said to be the
root cause of the American Revolution?
The Battles of Lexington and Concord
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
The refusal of the British crown to consider working
towards independence for the American colonies

The British wanted the American Colonists to pay
their fair share for the benefits gained from the
French and Indian War.
Casa de Contratación
The ____________________(House
of Trade) or the
Casa in Seville regulated all trade with the New
World. Cádiz was the only port authorized for use to
trade in America?
The Casa de Contratación used the ____________,
Flota System
which consisted of fleets of merchant ships
(guarded by warships), to carry merchandise from
Spain to three authorized ports on the Atlantic
coast of Spain’s American empire
Who were the local officials who presided over
local municipal councils and who worked under
the Viceroys and with the Audiencias in the
Spanish colonies?
Conquistadores
 Corregidores
Mestizos
Peninsulares
Creoles
What were privateers?
Privateers were sailors authorized by a government
using letters of marque (authorization) to attack foreign
vessels during wartime.
What were individuals born of European ancestry in the
Americas called?
Creoles
What two kings wanted to reassert royal authority
but whose policies eventually lost them much of
their empires in the New World?
Charles III of Spain and George III of Britain
Of all the nineteenth century European political and
economic conquests, what one nation would free
itself before the twentieth century?
India
 Japan
The Ottoman Empire
The Philippines
China
Who were two of the most influential Commonwealth
Party writers who between them wrote a series of
144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters?
Charles Fox
 Thomas Gordon
John Trenchard
John Wilkes
Christopher Wyvil
In the Spanish New World, _________
Mestizos were born of
mixed European and Indian parentage. At first, they
lived on the __________________until
their numbers
fringes of society
became so great that they integrated into all but the
uppermost levels of society.
Charles III
In 1776, ___________organized
a 4th viceroyalty,
the Rio de la Plata. And then to make tax collection
more efficient he used his own royal tax collectors
called ___________.
Intendants Although his reforms did
stimulate the imperial economy, nevertheless the
increased control did not bring reforms that
revolutionary ideas
withstood the test of time and _________________.
What institution gave the Spanish settlers the
right to compel the Native Americans to work
in their mines (or in fields and plantations)?
The Slave Trade

Encomienda
Audiencias
The Inquisition
The Flota System
What are the principal benefits of Joint Stock
Companies?
investors
Joint Stock Companies spread risk (among _________)
and make large profits possible (for the __________).
investors
What name was given to conquered native peoples
in the Spanish New World Colonies?
Amerindians
Where were the rich silver mines in Mexico located?
Zacatecas
Who boasted the America was won on the
plains of Germany?
Lord Cornwallis
King George III
James Wolfe
 William Pitt the Elder
William Pitt the Younger
In order to maximize profits, slave traders and
merchants used what economic strategy?
The Middle Passage
Triangular Trade
Encomienda
Casa de Contratación
Engenhos
It is important to understand that European
governments played an important role in
____________
promoting capitalism and Joint Stock
Companies. They protected individual rights
private property enforce
to possess ________________
settle disputes between
contracts, and _____________
parties in business transactions.
What was the name given to Portuguese run
Plantations in Brazil were slaves suffered
unspeakably and were afforded the fewest
legal protections?
Consulado
Audiencias
Encomienda
Potosi
 Engenhos
From the 1770s to the 1820s, what principal
political events occurred in the Americas?
The British colonies along the North American
Seaboard, Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish
colonies of Mexico, Central America and
South America won their freedom from their
mother countries.
What era of expansion did these events bring
to a close?
The Second Stage or Era of Mercantilist
Empires
What British general surrendered to George
Washington and the French at Yorktown?
William Pitt the Younger
John Wilkes
Lord North
The Earl of Bute
Lord Cornwallis
Slaves were often brought to the Americas via
the Middle Passage. Why was it called the
Middle Passage?
It was called the Middle Passage because it
formed the middle leg of Triangular Trade
Were was the only successful salve revolt in all
history?
San Dominique, which became the Republic of
Haiti
What name was given to Euro-Americans who
denounced slavery and the slave trade?
Abolitionists
Loyalists
Intendants
MPs
Commonwealthmen
Enslaved Africans found it very difficult to maintain
of their own cultural traditions in the New World.
They were thrust into a harsh life where European
languages were spoken. Nevertheless, some were
able to preserve their languages and religions.
Many others lost their languages, but most began
to speak _____________,
Creole languages which drew from African
and European languages. Many became Christians,
syncretized Christianity.
but, as in Africa, it was a ___________
Sometimes, as in the Voodoo Cult in Haiti or the
Santeria
_________in
Cuba, their new, mixed religions even
developed an institutional structure.
What revolution paralleled the decline in the
profitability of slavery?
Hatian
American
Creole

Industrial
French
Even though Lord North in 1773 led Parliament to pass
a new law relating to the sale of tea by the English East
India Company that actually lowered the price of tea,
the outcry of new taxes led to what event?
The Boston Tea Party
As a result of the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed
__________________.
What were its four provisions?
The Intolerable Acts
1. The Port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for
2. the Massachusetts colonial government was reorganized
3. Quartering of troops in private homes was authorized
4. The trials of royal customs officials were moved to England
When did the First phase of European
Worldwide expansion end?
 The mid-eighteenth century
The mid-nineteenth century
After the Napoleonic Wars
After World War I
With the defeat of the Spanish Armada
What does syncretism mean?
Syncretism is the combination, fusion or mixing
of different forms of belief or practice
Who was the fifty year old Aztec peasant who
convinced the Bishop of Mexico that he had seen
the Mother of God and what was she called?
Juan Diego
Our Lady of Guadalupe
What were the consequences of the Bishop’s belief in
Juan Diego’s account and the miracle of the roses?
Six million Azecs believed it was true and became
Roman Catholics almost overnight.
Who was said to be the ugliest man in England, and
affirmed that it only took half an hour to talk away
his face but fought for the right of voters—rather
than special interests in the House of Commons—
in order to determine their representatives?
 John Wilkes
The Earl of Bute
John Trenchard
Christopher Wyvil
Lord North
Who said, Go, and tell your King that I will do the
same, if he dares to do the same?
Jose Fandiño, captain of the Spanish warship La Isabella
To whom did Fandiño say this?
Robert Jenkins, captain of the British Brig, Rebecca
Why?
Fandiño had boarded the Rebecca, accused Jenkins of
piracy and cut off Jenkins’ left ear.
What great British politician and member of
Parliament was hailed the Renewer of Society
because of his adamant opposition to slavery?
John Trenchard

William Wilberforce
Robert Jenkins
James Wolfe
John Wilkes
After Robert Jenkins produced his severed ear in
Parliament to prove Spanish atrocities. British
merchants and West Indian planters pressured the
Sir Robert Walpole to fight, who
Prime Minister, _______________,
gave in and fought _________________
The War of Jenkins’ Ear with Spain.
The war itself was a trade war marked by a series of
skirmishes and much privateering finally concluded
Austrian Succession
as a result of the War of the _______________.
Before the Industrial Revolution and its boon of
_______________________,
sustained economic growth mercantilists felt that
the only way for a state to expand its wealth was:
by governmental regulation of all internal trade.
by heavy taxation of the peasant and lower classes.
by the importation of African slaves.
by increased taxation of the growing middle classes.
 at the expense of another state.
During the War of the Austrian Succession, in what
three ways did Maria Theresa not only win the
admiration of her people, but also preserved her
authority in her empire?
1. Her personal heroism and leadership
2. Her granting more privileges to the aristocracy
3. Her recognizing Hungary as the more important
of her crowns and her promise to the Magyar
nobility of local autonomy
When Frederick II seized Silesia, what was more
troubling to Europe’s monarchs than the violation of
Charles VI’s edict that his daughter be allowed to
inherit the Austrian throne?
Russia would become an ally with Frederick
Maria Theresa was unequipped to fight for her lands
 Frederick upset the balance of power
Great Britain would be edged out of European politics
Silesia was more Polish than German or Hungarian
When Cardinal Fleury supported Prussia in the War of
the Austrian Succession, what three consequences
followed?
1. Frederick II was enabled to consolidate Prussia as a
stronger German state.
2. Fleury brought Great Britain into the continental
conflict because Britain wanted to make sure that the
Netherlands, which was an Austrian possession,
remained in the friendly hands of Austria, not France.
3. France was weakened by this two-front conflict
because she lacked resources to fight BOTH Great
Britain in the New World and Austria in the old
How did the War of the Austrian Succession end by
the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748?
A stalemate
Who stalemated?
Spain, France and Prussia stalemated with Britain
and Austria
Nevertheless, who gained by the stalemate?
Prussia kept possession of Silesia and Britain kept
her Asiento.
In January, 1756, what agreement did Great Britain
and Prussia sign which was a defensive alliance
that sought to prevent foreign troops from
invading Germany?
The Convention of Saint-Dominique
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Hubertusburg
Convention of Westminster
In 1757, British forces under what general defeated
France’s Indian ally, the Mughal Raja (ruler) of Bengal?
Sir Robert Clive
What was the crucial battle in Clive’s triumph?
The Battle of Plassey
What treaty ended the Anglo-French portion of the
Seven Year’s War?
The 1763 Treaty of Paris
On July 4 1776, the Continental Congress approved the
________________________,
which drew upon
Declaration of Independence
English Constitutional
Enlightenment thinking and from _________________
tradition. It asserted that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, which among these are Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of Happiness. It echoed John Locke’s
contractual theory of government
___________________________in
arguing that
government derives its power and authority from the
consent of the governed
___________________.
What two factors drove the Seven Years’ War?
Great Britain’s alliance with Russia
 Austria’s determination to reclaim Silesia
Cardinal Fleury’s desire to reclaim the
Netherlands
The Treaty of Hubertusburg
British and French colonial ambitions in North
 America
Frederick the Great (Frederick II) opened the Seven
Years’ War by invading what ally of Austria?
Saxony
Frederick the Great won many victories against great
odds in the Seven Years’ War but lost more. What was
he greatest defeat?
The Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759 when the Russians
and Austrians almost destroyed his entire army.
What stroke of luck allowed Frederick to “win”?
The Empress Elizabeth died and her successor Peter III,
who admired the Prussians and Frederick, recalled the
Russian armies and made peace with Prussia.
Who defeated the French under Louis Joseph
de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham near
Quebec City and won Canada for the British?
Lord Cornwallis
King George III
 James Wolfe
William Pitt the Elder
William Pitt the Younger
In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the French preferred to
keep the small islands of Guadalupe and Martinique
instead of the much larger New France or Canada.
Why?
The lucrative Sugar Trade
Who negotiated the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
What did Spain gain and lose by the 1763 Treaty of
Paris?
Spain lost Florida to the British and received
Louisiana from France.
Who became Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1764
and presided over the passage of the Sugar Act,
which attempted to produce more revenue from
imports (especially from sugar and molasses from
British islands in the West Indies?
 George Grenville
Charles Townshend
Lord North
Thomas Gordon
After the passage of the Sugar Act in 1764, what revenue
enhancing Act was passed by Grenville in 1765?
The Stamp Act
Why did the British consider the Stamp Act leggal?
The British considered this tax legal because it was
passed by Parliament and fair because the money
was to be spent (so they said) in and for the
colonies.
What were colonists called who fought for the British
and/or sympathized with Great Britain?
Tories
What were the Royal tax collectors created by
Charles III of Spain called?
Creoles
Corregidores
Intendants
Mestizos
Maroons
With regards to the Stamp Act, what three
objections did the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
make to King George III and Parliament?
that (1) only colonial assemblies had a right
to tax the colonies;
that (2) trial by jury was a right granted to all
English citizens, and that the use of Admiralty
Courts was an abuse of that right;
that (3) the colonists possessed all the rights of
Englishmen and without voting rights, Parliament
could not represent the colonists.
The period after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was a
resting period but what dramatic shift of alliances
occurred in the Diplomatic Revolution 1756?
Prussia and Russia became allies
Austria and France became allies
Great Britain and Austria remained allies
Prussia and Great Britain broke their alliance
Russia and Great Britain remained allies
After the passage of the Stamp Act and the angry
protests that followed, the colonists did something
united
unexpected; they _______and
refused to import
British goods. This hit the British in the pocketbook.
So the British repealed the Stamp act but passed
what new legislation which asserted its power to tax
the colonies. What was the legislation?
The Quebec Act
The Intolerable Acts
The Townshend Acts
The Declaratory Act
What is meant by Balance of Power?
Balance of Power is the political ideology that
dictates that a nation’s security is increased or
improved when military abilities are distributed
among all nations, so _________________is
that no one nation
strong enough to dominate any of the others
Which small and resource-poor European
nation first rounded the southern tip of Africa
and built the first Mercantilist Empire?
Portugal
What treaty ended the Continental part of the Seven
Years’ War by which Frederick II kept _______,
Silesia
Prussia gained enormous influence at the expense of
Austria which in turn became more dependent than
Hungarian territories?
ever on its __________
The Convention of Saint-Dominique
Treaty of Paris
 The Treaty of Hubertusburg
Convention of Westminster
___________________
The Stamp Act Crisis set a pattern in British-Colonial
relations that would last for ten years. Parliament, under a
royal minister, would approve new taxes or legislation and
the Americans would then resist by reasoned argument,
economic pressure (______________________)
boycotting British goods and civil
demonstrations often with violence. Then the British
would back down and the cycle would begin again. But
each time tempers became more frayed and attitudes
hardened as more and more colonists gradually
more _________
Englishmen into Americans
evolved from ________________________.
In 1767 Charles Townshend, the British Finance
Minister, led Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts
which taxed many imports. The resulting stress and
confusion led to sometimes violent demonstrations.
What was the most violent of these?
The Boston Massacre
The Battle of Bunker Hill
St George's Fields Massacre
The Gordon Riots
What was the Quebec Act of 1774?
The Quebec Act extended the boundaries of Quebec
in British Canada to include the Ohio River valley
What was its purpose?
The Quebec Act was designed to block American
westward settlement beyond the Appalachian
Mountains.
The First Continental Congress was organized in the
same year. What was its purpose?
The First Continental Congress was organized to
coordinate the colonial resistance to British action
In Chapter 13 we learned that the Dutch opened the
first full-time stock exchange in1602 in Amsterdam. In
1571, what stock exchange did Queen Elizabeth I open?
The London Stock Exchange
Where would the British Raj be found?
New York

India
London
Canada
Where did the first clash take place between colonial
militias and British troops take place?
Lexington and Concord
Who published a pamphlet called Common Sense,
in which he challenged the authority of the British
government and first formally called for American
Independence. ?
Thomas Paine
Even before the First Continental Congress was
organized to coordinate colonial resistance, what
groups were set up to help the colonists make
common cause?
Committees of Correspondence.
Who were highly outspoken Protestant political and
economic reformers during the early 18th century
who (along with John Locke) deeply impressed
American colonial thinkers?
The Sons of Liberty
The Abolitionists
The Committees of Correspondence
The Tories
 Commonwealthmen
Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who
the British Tories in Parliament?
The Tories were the conservatives who
supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican
Church as the established church in England.
Who were the Whigs in Parliament?
The Whigs were the liberals who were
supporters of constitutional monarchy, great
aristocratic families, the Hanoverian succession
and toleration of non-Anglican Protestant
churches
What political philosophy did the Commonwealthmen
believe in which is the ideology of governing a nation
is where the head of state is appointed by means
other than heredity, often election?
Capitalism
 Republicanism
Bullionism
Imperialism
Mercantilism
Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who
the British Tories in Parliament?
The Tories were the conservatives who
supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican
Church as the established church in England.
Who were the Whigs in Parliament?
The Whigs were the liberals who were
supporters of constitutional monarchy, great
Hanoverian
aristocratic families, the ____________
succession and toleration of non-Anglican
Protestant churches
King George III was the first Hanoverian king whose
first language was English. Which statement about
him is most true?
He believed in the Divine Right of Kings
He refused to challenge Parliament on the
appointment of government officials
He wanted to be a king, not a tyrant
He was the first king to support the Whigs since the
death of Queen Anne
John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon together wrote a
series of 144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters.
What was their three most important criticisms?
First, they condemned the corruption and lack of
morality within the British political system; and warned
against the ________
tyranny that such a system engendered.
Second, that government patronage and the
Parliamentary system begun by _________________
Sir Robert Walpole
was corrupt and actually undermined liberty
Third, that Parliamentary taxation was corrupt
Fourth, that the maintenance of standing armies was
a __________
tyrannical act in itself
The American Constitution extended what had
Glorious Revolution The
been begun during the __________________.
American colonists believed that they were
traditional English liberties against the
preserving _______________________
tyranny of Parliament and King George III. And
once their constitution was adopted, the
Bill of Rights to
Americans quickly insisted on a _____________
protect their liberties.
The greatest surprise of the American Revolution
economic The new nation needed money
was __________.
for investment and British financiers were only too
willing to lend money and so British trade with the
Americans after independence actually increased –
dramatically!
Who became the editor of a newspaper, The
North Britton, and in 1763 (in issue 45) strongly
criticized Lord Bute’s handling of the Treaty of
Paris for which he was promptly arrested?
Thomas Paine
George Grenville
John Trenchard
Christopher Wyvil
John Wilkes
For what three reasons did Yorkshire Movement
Association come about?
First, the bungling of the war in North America
Second, the policies of Lord North
Third, high taxes
Who was the landowner and retired clergyman
who organized the Yorkshire Movement
Association?
Christopher Wyvil
What does lucrative mean?
profitable
True or False: The American colonists demonstrated
to Europe that a successful governmental structure
could be established without kings or hereditary
nobility.
True
Define Popular Sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty is the principle that authority in
government (the right to rule) comes from the
consent of the people
After Parliamentary pressures brought George III’s
Charles Fox William Pitt the Younger
opponent, ____________,
(with the king’s backing) accomplished what ?
He passed a moderate Reform Bill.
He forced George III to abdicate in favor of his son,
George IV
He forced Christopher Wyvil into retirement

He organized a House of Commons favorable to the
king.
He ended the war with the American colonists.
As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht, what was the
name given to the British contract that allowed
the British to supply slaves and goods to Spanish
colonies in the New World?
Mercantilism
Flota
Encomienda
 Asiento
Audiencias