Biology 2
Lab Packet
For
Practical 4
Reptile Lab
Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Unikonta
Clade: Opisthokonts
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata – Chordatea
Class: Amphibia – Amphibians
Order: Urodela - Salmanders
Order: Anurans – Frogs/Toads
Order: Apodans - Caecilians
Class: Testudines – Turtles
Class: Sphenodontia – Tuataras
Class: Squamata – Lizards/Snakes
Lizards
Family – Agamidae – Old World Lizards
Family – Anguidae – Glass Lizards
Family – Chameleonidae – Chameleons
Family – Corytophanidae – Helmet Lizards
Family - Crotaphytidae – Collared Lizards
Family – Helodermatidae – Gila Monster
Family – Iguanidae – Iguanids
Family – Phrynosomatidae – NA Spiny Lizards
Family – Polychrotidae – Anoles
Family – Geckkonidae – Geckos
Snakes
Family – Boidae – Pythons and Boas
Family – Colubridae – Colubrids
Family – Elapidae – Elapids
Family – Hydrophilidae – Sea Snakes
Family - Viparidae - Viperids
Class: Crocodilia – Crocodilia
Introduction – Phylum Chordata
Although chordates vary widely in appearance, they are distinguished as a phylum by the presence of
four anatomical features that appear sometime during their life time. They exhibit deuterostome development
and bilateral symmetry. Chordates only comprise 5% of the animal species but may be the most commonly
known phylum. They comprise of both invertebrates and vertebrates. This lab will be looking at the vertebrate
animals that moved onto land. We will explore the living amphibian and reptile clades.
Station 1 – Tetrapods
1. What were three physical differences tetrapods evolved to accommodate their new way of life when
they emerged onto land?
2. When do tetrapods appear in the fossil record? What was the name of the extinct group of lungfish that
lead to the tetrapods?
3. What type of habitat did the first tetrapods evolve in?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
3
Station 2 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Oxygen Content
1. To breath air, the lung developed from what?
2. What does a double circulatory system allow for?
3. Bony fish have 4 external nares (2 on each side) which allow water to run across the olfactory tissue.
What do tetrapods have? What does this allow them to do?
Station 3 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Body Density
1. The limbs developed in shallow water. How much less buoyant is air over water? What are the
homologous structures between fins and limbs?
2. In fish, the pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. What did tetrapods develop? What happed to the
pelvic girdle to increase the force that can be generated by the hind legs?
3. What did the vertebrae develop to help support the spine in the absence of buoyant water? What did
they also develop to protect the lungs?
4. The skull has been shortened and the snout elongated. The head separated from the body by a neck
to allow for what? Why was a second vertebrae added?
Station 4 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Temperature Regulation
1. What is the current theory of why tetrapods evolved?
2. What does an increase of 10 degrees Celsius allow for?
Station 5 – Evolutionary History
1. What is the name of the fossil called a “Fishapod”?
2. What fish characteristics does it have?
3. What tetrapod characteristics does it have?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 6 – Class: Amphibians
1. What does the word “amphibian” mean?
2. What type of egg do they have?
3. What type of skin do they have? What does allow for?
4. When did amphibians appear in the fossil record? When did modern amphibian fossils appear?
5. What are amphibians found?
Station 7 – Class: Amphibians – General Characteristics
1. What is the difference between poisonous and venomous?
2. What does poisonous mean?
3. What does venomous mean?
Station 8 – Order: Urodela
1. What does the word Urodela mean? What does this clade consist of?
2. How are their legs positioned?
3. What do they eat?
4. When did salamanders appear in the fossil record?
5. Where are salamanders found?
4
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
5
Station 9 – California Newt
1. How is a newt different than a salamander? What is a terrestrial juvenile called?
2. Are California Newts venomous or poisonous? What is the name of the toxin they produce? How
harmful is it?
3. Where are they located?
4. What type of habitat are they found in?
.
Station 10 – Ensatina
1. What is unique about their breeding locations?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
Station 11 – California Slender Salamander
1. What type of salamander are they? How does this species breathe?
2. What are they considered due to their limited range?
3. Where are they primarily located?
4. What type of habitat can they be found in?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
6
Station 12 – Order Anura
1. What does the word anura mean? What does this clade consist of?
2. When does the oldest “protofrog” appear? When does the molecular clock date them?
3. Where is the greatest concentration of species diversity of anurans?
Station 13 – Anura – General Characteristics
1. What does the term “frog” usually refer to?
2. What does the term “toad” usually refer to?
Station 14 – Other Anura – General Characteristics – Defense
1. What is the toxic substance on frogs called?
2. What is the name of the poison glans on toads?
3. What do poison dart frogs secrete? Where do they get this poison? What is the term for them
advertising their toxicity?
Station 15 – Order Anura – General Characteristics – Features
1. Where is the tongue attached? What acts like an eardrum? What is the name of the transparent
membrane?
2. Note the skeleton and the preserved specimen of the frog. What are the three functions of the skull?
3. Is the skeleton as flexible as the fish skeleton? Why?
4. What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
5. What is the function of the pelvic girdle? Do frogs have ribs?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
7
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
8
Station 16 - CLASS AMPHIBIA – INTERNAL FEATURES
System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Structure
What is the one function of the
muscles?
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Atria (2)
Ventricle (1)
Double Circuit system (whole
system)
Lungs
Function
Cerebrum
Olfactory lobe
Optic lobe
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal chord
Ovaries or Testes
Station 17 – Animal Sounds – Frogs This Week you are responsible for the following animals calls:
California Tree frog
Pacific Tree Frog
California Toad
American Bullfrog
Western Spadefoot Toad
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 18 – Western Spadefoot Toad
1. What type of frog are they similar to?
2. What makes them unique?
3. Where are the located?
4. What type of habitat are they found in?
Station 19 – Red-Spotted Toad
1. What characteristic is used to identify them?
2. Where are the located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
Station 20 – California Tree Frog
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are the located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
Station 21 – Pacific Tree Frog
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are the located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
9
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
10
Station 22 – American Bullfrog
1. What makes them easy to identify?
2. What is it considered to be? What is the concern?
3. Where are they native to?
4. What type of habitat are they found in?
Station 23 - Amniotes
1. What are amniotes? What group of amniotes are mammals found in? What group of amniotes are
reptiles and birds found in?
2. When did the first amniotes appear?
Station 24 – Amniotes – General Characteristics – Amniotic egg
1. What does this egg allow them to do?
Station 25 – Amniotes – General Characteristics – Skull Development
1. What type of skull did the first reptiles have?
2. What type of skull is seen with one temporal opening? What did the opening allow? What did this line
evolve into?
3. What type of skull is seen in the “True Reptiles”?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 26 – Reptiles
1. When did Reptiles originate?
2. Where are they found?
Station 27 – Reptiles – General Characteristics
1. What are the four Classes that make up the clade Reptiles?
Station 28 – Class Testudines
1. What are they characterized by and what did it develop from?
2. When did they evolve?
3. Where are they found?
Station 29 – Class Testudines
1. In general, what is the difference between a turtle and a tortoise?
2. From a biological perspective, what is a tortoise?
Station 30- Class Testudines - Turtle Skulls
1. What type of skull are turtles believe to have now?
2. Why do they appear to be an anapsid?
11
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
12
Station 31 – Class Testudines – General Characteristics
1. What is the name of the upper part of the shell? What is the name of the lower part of the shell? What
is the name of the horny scales that cover the shell?
2. What do turtles use on the beaks instead of teeth?
3. How do they use their tongues? What can’t they do that other reptiles can?
4. What are the two main turtle lineages?
Station 32 – Green Sea Turtle
1. Where are they located?
2. What are the three habitat types of their life stages?
3. What do they eat?
Station 33 – Leatherback Sea Turtle
1. How are they different than other sea turtles?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 34 – Desert Tortoise
1. Why can they live in desert areas that exceed 140 degrees Celsius?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 35 – Western Pond Turtle
1. Where are they located?
2. What type of habitat are they found in?
3. What do they eat?
Station 36 – Red-eared Slider
1. What are they known for?
2. Where are they originally from?
3. Why have they spread? What is it outcompeting?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
13
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 37 –Spiny Soft shelled Turtle
1. Where do they get their name?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat and what do they have to do to swallow?
Station 38 – Mata Mata
1. What does the Mata Mata resemble?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. How does it capture prey? Because of its mouth’s structure, what can’t they do?
Station 39 – Class: Sphenodontia
1. What characteristics make them different from lizards? What is unusual about their “third” eye?
2. What geological time are these “lizards” dated back to?
3. Where are they located?
14
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 40 – Class Squamata
1. How is this class distinguished?
2. When do they appear in the fossil record? What does mitochondrial evidence suggest?
3. Where can they be found?
Station 41 – Class: Squamata – General Characteristics
1. What characteristics are found in lizards?
2. What characteristics are found in snakes?
Station 42 – Class: Squamata - Tail Autotomy
1. What is caudal autotomy?
2. How do lizards achieve this?
Station 43 - Family: Agamidae
1. What is the example for this family? What will they do when threatened?
2. How are they unique?
3. Where are they located?
15
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
16
Station 44 - Family: Chameleonidae
1. What chameleon adaptation is made to their toes?
2. What adaptations have been made to their eyes?
3. What adaptations have been made to their tongue?
4. What function does color changing provide them?
5. Where are they located?
Station 45 - Family: Polychrotidae
1. What is their common name? What is the name of the throat fan? What is it used for?
2. What are they often incorrectly called?
Why are they called this?
3. Where are they located? Why have the become widespread?
Station 46 - Family: Geckonidae
1. What are they well known for?
2. What do they lack? What do they have instead? How do they keep it clean?
3. Where are they located?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 47 - Family: Corytophanidae
1. What is this lizards nickname and how did it get its name?
2. Where are Basilisk Lizards found?
Station 48 - Family: Scincidae
1. What can most skinks do to avoid predators?
2. What is unique about Juvenile Western Skinks?
3. Where are Western Skinks located?
4. What do they eat?
Station 49 - Family: Iguanidae
1. What is this group of lizards main characteristic?
2. What type of lifestyle do they have?
Station 50 – Chuckwalla
1. How do Common Chuckwallas escape from predators?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
17
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 51 – Desert Iguana
1. What is unique about Desert Iguanas thermoregulation?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 52 – Green Iguana
1. Why have they been introduced to other areas?
2. Why are they called a disposable pet?
3. Where are they located?
4. What type of habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
Station 53 – Marine Iguana
1. What does their dark tones allow them to do?
2. Where are they found? Why are they unique today?
3. What do they eat?
18
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 54 - Family: Phrynosomatidae
1. What is this family adapted for?
2. Where are they located?
Station 55 – Zebra-tailed Lizards
1. How will they stand at the hottest parts of the day?
2. What will they do when threatened?
3. Where are they located?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
Station 56 – Western Fence Lizard
1. What are these lizards also known as?
2. Where are they located
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
19
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 57 – Side-blotched Lizard
1. Where are they located?
2. What habitat are they found in?
3. What do they eat?
Station 58 – Horned Lizard
1. What were they called before?
2. What behavior do some Horned Lizards have for escaping from predators?
3. What do Horned Lizards eat and what adaptations do they have to allow them to do this?
4. What is rain harvesting?
5. Where are they located?
6. What habitat are they found in?
7. What do they eat?
20
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 59 - Family: Anguidae – The Southern Alligator Lizard
1. Where are they located?
2. What habitat are they found in?
3. What do they eat?
Station 60 - Family: Anniellidae - California Legless Lizard
1. How can you tell they are not snakes?
2. How is their basking different than other lizards?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 61 – Family: Crotaphytidae - Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard
1. Why is this species disappearing?
2. Where are they located?
3. What do they eat?
21
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 62 – Family: Teiidae - Western Whiptail Lizard
1. What sexual behavior are they known for?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 63 – Family: Helodermatidae
1. How are their venom glands different then snakes? What do they lack?
2. What is the venom used for? How do they get it into their victims?
3. What are the two venomous lizards in this family?
4. What is the other venomous lizard?
Station 64 - Class: Squamata (Snakes)
1. What do these organisms usually lack?
2. What adaptation is seen in their skulls?
3. What did they probably evolve from and when
4. Where are they located?
22
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 65 - Snakes – General Characteristics
1. What is the function of the Jacobsen’s organ?
2. What is the function of the Loreal Pits?
Station 66 – Family Elapsidae
1. What does this family include?
2. What are they characterized by?
3. What type of toxins do they have?
4. Where are they located?
5. How do they hunt?
Station 67 – King Cobra
1. What is this species known for?
2. A typical bite can kill how many people?
3. What does it do when it is confronted?
4. Where are they located?
5. What habitat are they found in?
6. What do they eat?
23
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 68 – Taipan
1. What is this species known for?
2. A typical bite can kill how many people?
3. Where are they located?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
Station 69 – Sea Snakes
1. What is this species known for?
2. How are they adapted for a life at sea?
3. Where are they located?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
24
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 70 - Family: Boidae
1. Are they venomous?
2. What large snakes are included in this family?
3. What makes them unique?
4. Where are they located?
5. What do they eat?
Station 71 – Rosy Boa
1. What do they do when they are disturbed?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 72 – Family: Colubridae
1. Are they venomous?
2. What makes them unique?
3. When did they show in the fossil record?
4. Where are they found?
25
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 73- Ring-necked Snake
1. Are these snakes venomous?
2. What are these snakes known for?
3. Where are they located?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
Station 74 – Coachwhips
1. What are these snakes known for?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 75 – Western Shovel-nosed Snake
1. What are these snakes known for?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
26
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 76 – King Snake
1. Why are these snakes called King snakes?
2. Where are they located?
3. What habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 77 – Gopher Snake
1. What are these snakes mistaken for?
2. How can you tell them apart?
3. Where are they located?
4. What habitat are they found in?
5. What do they eat?
Station 78 – Family: Viperidae
1. What type of fangs do they have? How do they “bite”?
2. Which type of snake is more dangerous?
3. When do they first appear in the fossil record?
4. Where are the located?
5. What two categories is the venom placed in?
27
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 79 – Western Diamondback
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 80 – Red Diamond Rattlesnake
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 81 – Speckled Rattlesnake
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
28
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 82 – Western Rattlesnake
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 83 – Sidewinder
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
Station 84 – Mohave Rattlesnake
1. What makes them unique?
2. Where are they located?
3. What type of habitat are they found in?
4. What do they eat?
29
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
30
Station 85 – Class: Crocodilia
1. What are the four groups of crocodilia?
2. What are they closely related to?
3. When do they appear in the fossil record?
4. Where are they located?
Station 86 – Class: Crocodilia
Be able to identify the four types
1.
2.
3.
4.
Station 87 – Animal Sounds – Reptile - This Week you are also responsible for the following animals calls:
Rattlesnake
Alligator
Baby Alligator
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
CLASSIFICATION:
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata – Chordates
Class: Aves – Birds
Order: Struthioniformes - Ostriches
Order: Rheiformes – Rheas
Order: Casuariiformes – Cassowaries
Order: Apterygiformes – Kiwis
Order: Sphenisciformes - Penguins
Order: Gaviiformes - Loons
Order: Podicipediformes – Grebes
Order: Procellariiformes – Tube noses
Order: Pelicaniformes – Pelicans
Order: Ciconiiformes – Herons/Egrets
Order: Phoenicopteriformes - Flamingos
Order: Anseriformes – Ducks
Order: Falconiformes – Raptors
31
Order: Galliformes - Quail
Order: Gruiformes – Coots
Order: Charadriiformes – Gulls and Allies
Order: Columbiformes – Pigeons
Order: Psittaciformes – Parrots
Order: Cuculiformes – Roadrunners
Order: Strigiformes - Owls
Order: Caprimulgiformes – Nighthawks
Order: Apodiformes – Hummingbirds
Order: Trogonifomes – Trogons
Order: Coraciformes – Kingfishers
Order: Piciformes – Woodpeckers
Order: Passeriformes - Songbirds
Introduction – Birds
Although chordates vary widely in appearance, they are distinguished as a phylum by the presence of
four anatomical features that appear sometime during their life time. They exhibit deuterostome development
and bilateral symmetry. Chordates only comprise 5% of the animal species but may be the most commonly
known phylum. Birds are endothermic homeotherms which have adapted to many different ecosystems in the
world.
Station 1 – Class: Aves
1. What three adaptations do birds have for flight?
2. What do all species of birds have?
3. What dinosaurs did birds emerge within? When did they show up?
4. Where are birds found?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
32
Station 2 – Evolutionary History - Archaeopteryx
1. What characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are bird-like?
2. What characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are reptile-like?
Station 3 – General Characteristics - Feathers
1.
What are feathers made of?
2. Be able to recognize the six types of feathers and know their functions. Also be able to recognize
the feathers in the display.
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
33
Station 4 – General Characteristics - Color
1. What causes the different colors we see in bird’s today?
2. What are the different types of plumage mentioned and what is their function?
3. Know what produces the following colors in the following birds.
Red in Northern Cardinals:
Pink in Flamingo’s:
Blue in Western Scrub-Jays
Yellow in the American Goldfinch
Iridescent colors in the Anna’s Hummingbird
Station 5 – General Characteristics - Bones and Muscles
1. What are the three regions in birds where bones are fused together and what are each of them called?
2. What is the muscle in birds which lifts their wings? What is the muscle that is used to lower the wings?
3. How much of a bird’s body mass is accounted for by the flight muscles?
4. Do birds have teeth? Why or why not?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 6 – General Characteristics – Bipedalism and Feet
1. Although most tetrapods are quadrupeds, what is the term used for birds?
2. The part of a bird’s leg that looks like a “backwards” knee is actually what part?
3. What is the name of the type of foot seen on the left below?
4. What is the name of the type of foot seen on the right?
Station 7 – General Characteristics – Metabolism
1. What type of metabolic rate do birds have?
2.
What is the normal range of body temperatures?
3. What zones are birds usually larger? Why?
4. What two functions does the respiratory system play?
5. What respiratory structures do birds have?
6. What do air sacs permit?
34
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 8 – General Characteristics - Reproduction
1. Other vertebrates lay eggs, but bird egg laying is unique among vertebrates. Why?
2. What is the largest egg?
3. What is the smallest egg?
Station 9 – Reproductive Behavior – Monogamy
1. What is meant by Socially Monogamous?
2. What are Extra-pair copulations?
3. How many species of birds are considered Socially Monogamous?
Station 10 – Reproductive Behavior – Red-winged Blackbirds
1. What is polygyny?
2. What conditions favor this condition?
Station 11 – Reproductive Behavior – Sage Grouse
1. What is Lekking? What is the name of the area used for display?
2. What are the benefits of Lekking?
35
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 12 – Reproductive Behavior – Northern Jacana
1. What is polyandry?
2. Using this type of reproductive behavior, what happens to the sexual roles in these birds?
3. What is the evolutionary reason for polyandry?
Station 13 – Reproductive Behavior – Acorn Woodpecker
1. What is polygyandry?
2. Why do Acorn woodpeckers primarily live in groups?
3. What is special about the way they nest?
Station 14 – Reproductive Behavior – Brown-headed Cowbirds
1. What is brood parasitism?
2. How many species do they parasitize?
3. What is the cost to the host species?
Station 15 – Reproductive Behavior – Phainopepla
1. What is this birds typical diet?
2. What is unique about this birds nesting behavior?
3. How do they behave in the desert environment?
4. How do they behave in the woodland area?
36
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
37
Station 16 – Feeding Behavior – Adaptations
Bird Skull
Ostrich
Brown Kiwi
Indian Yellow-nosed
Albatross
Great Blue Heron
Scarlet Ibis
Roseate Spoonbill
Caribbean Flamingo
Duck
Harpy Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Turkey Vulture
Adaptation
Other
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
California Condor
Common Snipe
King Penguin
Black Hornbill
Toco Toucan
Scarlet Macaw
Owl
Pileated Woodpecker
Wren
Station 17 – Resource Partitioning
1. What is resource portioning?
2. How does an American Avocet’s bill differ from a Black legged Stilt?
38
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
39
Station 18 – Ducks (Dabblers vs. Divers)
1. What is a dabbler? What is a diver?
2. How do the legs differ between these two different types of duck?
3. Know the Northern Pintail and Northern Shoveler which are dabblers and the Hooded Merganser is a
diving duck.
Station 19 – Birds of Prey - Loggerhead Shrikes
1. Why are they considered a bird of prey?
2. How do they kill their food?
3. What is their nickname?
Station 20 – Birds of Prey - Hawks and Falcons
1. What is the common diet for a Red-tailed Hawk?
2. What is the Peregrine Falcon known for? What do they eat?
3. What is a Kestrel? What do they eat? What is “unique” about their flight pattern?
Station 21 – Birds of Prey - Owls
1. Why are owls thought to be nocturnal?
2. How far can Owl’s turn their head? Why can they do this? Why is it necessary?
3. Which species of Owl is diurnal? How do the young protect themselves in the nest?
4. Know the difference between the Barn Owl and the Great Horned Owl.
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 22 – Avoiding Predators- Killdeer
1. Where do these birds lay their eggs?
2. How do the adults protect their young?
Station 23 – Introduced Species
1. Why were Starling introduced to the United States? What problems are they causing?
2. What is one of the more common introduced species in our area? What was their original name?
Station 24 – Communication
1. How do birds communicate?
2. What do songs consist of? How does a song of a cardinal differ from that of a mockingbird?
3. How do birds produce these sounds? Why do mourning doves making only cooing noises?
4. What is a call? How do bushtits use these?
5. How do you recognize the call of a Wrentit?
6. What separates the Western Meadowlark species from the Eastern Meadowlark?
40
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 25 – Bird Songs
Be able to recognize the songs from the following birds.
1. Barn Owl
2. Great Horned Owl
3. California Quail
4. Red-Shouldered Hawk
5. Red-Tailed Hawk
6. Cactus Wren
7. Bushtit
8. Wren Tit
9. Mocking Bird
10. Mourning Dove
11. Acorn Woodpecker
12. Belted Kingfisher
13. Killdeer
14. American Kestrel
15. Red-winged Blackbird
41
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
42
Station 26- Bird Migration
1. What are the four groups birds can be placed in?
2. Why do birds migrate?
3. What are the four “flyways” in North America?
Station 27 – Desert Adaptations – Roadrunners
1. What is torpor? Why do roadrunners do this?
2. What adaptation do Roadrunners have to help them use less energy “waking up” from torpor?
Station 28 – Desert Adaptations - Cactus Wrens
1. How did these birds get their name?
2. Why do these birds make multiple nests?
Station 29 – Desert Adaptations – Gambel’s Quail
1. What is their typical body temperature? What can they do to this temperature to reduce water loss?
2. How much body weight can they lose in water?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 30 – Other Behaviors – Penguins and Alcids
1. Where are penguins found? Where are Murrelets and Auklets found?
2. What do they have in common? How are they different?
Station 31 – Other Behaviors - Hummingbirds and Swallows
1. What does the order these birds are in mean?
2. What do hummingbirds eat?
3. Be able to identify the hummingbirds at this station.
4. What do swallows eat?
5. What types of nest do they make?
6. Be able to identify the swallows at this station
43
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
44
Station 32 – Other Behaviors – Common Birds
Be able to recognize the following birds in your neighborhoods
Bird
American Robin
Brewer’s Blackbird
Black Phoebe
California Gnatcatcher
California Thrasher
California Towhee
Crow
House Finch
Northern Oriole
Plain Titmouse
Spotted Towhee
Western Bluebird
Western Kingbird
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Location
Food
Other
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
45
Station 33– Bird Orders
Be able to identify the examples of each of the bird orders.
Order
Order: Pelicaniformes
Order: Coraciformes
Order: Apodiformes
Order: Columbiformes
Order: Falconiformes
Description
Pelicans – Four webbed toes, long beak
with throat pouch
Kingfishers – Strong prominent bill,
colorful feathers
Hummingbirds – Small birds with short
legs, small feet, with long, slender beaks
Pigeons, Doves – Slender bill with soft
skin at base, short neck
Raptors – Birds of Prey
Order: Galliformes
Ducks – Broadened bills, short legs with
webbed feet
Quail – Hen-like birds with short beaks
Order: Gruiformes
Coots – Smaller birds with short beaks
Order: Charadriiformes
Shorebirds
Order: Psittaciformes
Narrow hooked beak with brilliant
plumage
Greater Roadrunner – Varied, local bird
with long legs and tail
Owls - Nocturnal birds of Prey
Order: Anseriformes
Order: Cuculiformes
Order: Strigiformes
Order: Rheiformes
Woodpeckers – Thick bill for drilling
holes
Cassowaries - Flightless Walking Bird (3
toes)
Ostriches - Flightless Walking Bird (2
toes)
Rheas - Flightless Walking Bird (3 toes)
Order: Apterygiformes
Kiwis - Small flightless bird
Order: Tinamiformes
Tinamous - Poor flying birds
Order: Sphenisciformes
Penguins – Web footed, short winged,
marine birds
Trogons – Brightly colored, long tailed
tropical birds
Loons – Heavy bodied, diving birds
Order: Piciformes
Order: Casuariiformes
Order: Struthioniformes
Order: Troganiformes
Order: Gaviiformes
Order: Caprimulgiformes
Grebes – Short legged divers with lobed
feet
Tubenoses – Marine birds with tubular
nostrils on beack
Waders – Long-necked, long legged
waders
Nighthawks – Night fliers
Order: Passeriformes
Songbirds – very variable
Order: Podicipediformes
Order: Procellariiformes
Order: Ciconiiformes
Characteristics
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
46
Station 34 - CLASS: AVES – INTERNAL FEATURES (P 206, Figs. 8.42 – 8.43)
System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Reproductive System
Structure
Esophagus
Crop
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Intestine
Liver
Pancreas
Cloaca
Kidneys
Atria (2)
Ventricle (2)
Double Circuit system (whole
system)
Compare to Mammal (Why the
difference is size?)
Lungs
Air Sacs
Ovaries or Testes
Function
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
47
Station 35 – VERTEBRATE HEART SERIES
Be able to recognize the listed structures.
a) Fish Heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus)
b) Amphibian Heart (sinus venosus, right atrium, left atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus, truncus
arteriosus, pulmo-cutaneous artery, aorta)
c) Turtle Heart (sinus venosus, right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cavas, right atrium, left
atrium, ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta)
d) Crocodile Heart (right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right
ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta)
e) Bird Heart (right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right
ventricle, pulmonary arteries, aorta)
f) Mammal Heart (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left
ventricle, pulmonary arteries, aorta)
Station 36 – VERTEBRATE BRAIN SERIES
Be able to recognize the listed structures and their functions
Name
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Cerebellum
Optic Lobe
Olfactory Lobe
Cerebrum
Function
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
48
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
49
Introduction – Mammals
Like all chordates, mammals have the presence of four anatomical features both as juveniles and adults
although in adults they are highly modified. They exhibit deuterostome development and bilateral symmetry.
Mammals are endothermic, homeotherms which have adapted to survive in many different ecosystems in the
world. They have hair and mammary glands to feed their young which make them unique among the animals in
this kingdom.
Class: Mammalia – Mammals
Subclass: Protheria
Order: Monotremata – Monotremes
Duck-billed Platypus
Echidna
Subclass: Metatheria
Order: Marsupialia: Marsupials
Kangaroo
Koala
Bush-tailed Possum
Virginia Opossum
Subclass: Eutheria
Order: Tubulidentata – Aardvarks
Order: Proboscidea – Elephants
Order: Hyracoidea: Hyraxes
Order: Sirenia – Manatees
Order: Xenarthra – Anteaters, Sloths, Armadillos
Order: Rodentia – Rodents
Naked Mole Rats
Beaver
Ground Squirrel
Gray Squirrel
Kangaroo Rat
Capybara
Gopher
Deer Mouse
Norway Rat
Antelope Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Woodchuck
Order: Lagomorpha – Rabbits
Black-tailed Jackrabbit
Desert Cottontail
Pika
Order: Dermoptera – Flying Lemurs
Order: Scandentia – Tree Shrews
Order: Primates – Primates
Old World Monkeys
Olive Baboon
New World Monkeys
Great Apes
Gorilla
Orangutan
African Chimp
Bonobos
Australopithicus afarenis
Australopithicus africanus
Parathropus bosei
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Order: Carnivora – Carnivores
Feline Family
Mountain Lion
Bobcat
African Lion
Bengal Tiger
Leopard
Jaguar
Cheetah
Canid Family
Coyote
Gray Wolf
Silver Fox
Red Fox
Gray Fox
Arctic Fox
Bear Family
Polar Bear
Alaskan Brown Bear
Grizzly Bear
American Black Bear
European Brown Bear
Giant Panda
Raccoon Family
Raccoon
Coati
Red Panda
Ringtail
Weasel Family
Long-tailed Weasel
Pine Martin
Mink
Wolverine
Badger
Skunks
River Otter
Sea Otter
Mongoose Family
Meerkats
Hyena Family
Hyenas
Pinneped Family
Walrus
California Sea Lion
Weddel Seal
Crabeater Seal
Leopard Seal
Harbor Seal
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Order: Perissodactyla -Odd toed Ungulates
Equine Family
Horses
Zebra
Tapir Family
Tapirs
Rhinoceros Family
White Rhino
Black Rhino
Order: Cetartiodactyla - Even-toed Ungulates
Pig family
Warthog
Wild Boar
Peccary family
Peccary
Hippopotamus family
Hippopotamus
Camel Family
Camel
Llamas
Alpaca
Deer Family
Sika Deer
Fallow Deer
Chital (Axis) Deer
Rusa Deer
Red Deer
Elk
White-tailed Deer
Mule Deer
Moose
Caribou
Giraffe Family
Giraffe
Okapi
Bovidae Family - Pronghorn
Pronghorn
Bovidae Family - Cattle
American Bison
Water Buffalo
Banteng
Dwarf Buffalo
Asiatic Buffalo
Cape Buffalo
Bovidae Family – Small Antelope
Harvey’s Red Duiker
Bovidae Family – Spiral-horned Antelope
Chobe Bushbuck
Eland
Kudu
50
Bovidae Family – Grazing Antelope
(OpenWoods)
Impala
Blsebok
Wildebeest
Hartebeest
Bovidae Family – Grazing Antelope (Wetlands)
Western Kob
Reedbuck
Waterbuck
Lechwe
Bovidae Family – Grazing Antelope (Horse-like)
Kalahari Gemsbok
Fringe-eared Oryx
Southern Roan
Sable Antelope
Bovidae Family – Gazelles
Springbok
Southern Grant’s Gazelle
Southern Gerenuk
Bovidae Family – Dwarf Antelopes
Kirk’s Dik-Dik
Bovidae Family – Goat Antelope
Musk Ox
Mountain Goat
Big Horn Sheep
Chamois
Himalayan Tahr
Spanish Ibex
European Mouflan
Whales Family
Pygmy Sperm Whale
Minke Whale
Blue Whale
Sperm Whale
Beluga Whale
Bottle-nosed Dolphin
White-sided Dolphin
Humpback Whale
Orca Killer Whale
Order: Chiroptera – Bats
Vampire Bat
Pallid Bat
Western Pipistrelle
Order: Insectivora – Insect Eaters
Mole
Shrew
Order: Pholiodata – Scaly Anteaters
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 1 – Class: Mammalia
1. What are the general characteristics listed for mammals?
2. When did the first mammals appear?
3. When did the modern mammalian orders appear?
4. Where are they found?
Station 2 – General Characteristics – Hair
1. What is it composed of?
2. What is a complete coat of fur called?
3. What are the two main layers of hair and what are they used for?
4. What are the functions of hair?
Station 3 – General Characteristics – Middle Ear
1. What are the names of the three ossicles?
2. What is the single bone in reptiles called? Where did the extra two middle ear bones come from?
3. What is the function of these new bones?
Station 4 – General Characteristics – Jaw Joint and Teeth
1. What two bones form the jaw?
2. What two bones form the jaw joint?
3. How long did it take for the synapsid skull to evolve?
4. How have vertebrate teeth changed? What are the different types and their functions?
5. What has the shift in the jaw joint allowed?
51
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 5 – General Characteristics – Mammary Glands
1. What type of gland is a mammary gland? What is its function?
2. What type of gland is it modified from?
Station 6 – General Characteristics – Neocortex
1. What does the word mean? Where is it located?
2. How does the neocortex consist of? How does this area differ from rodents to larger mammals?
3. What is the name of the grooves and wrinkles? What do they allow for?
4. What are the functions of this region?
Station 7 - Mammal Classification
1. What are the three major types of mammals and their characteristics?
Station 8 – Subclass: Protheria
1. What does the word Protheria mean?
2. What therapsid ancestor characteristics do they contain?
3. When did they split from the other mammals?
4. Where were they probably found?
52
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
53
Station 9 – Order: Monotremata – Be Able to recognize the two animals from this station
1. What does the word monotremata mean?
2. What makes them different than other mammals?
3. How is milk delivery different than other mammals?
4. What do they use to locate prey?
5. Where are they found today?
6. Monotremes are one of two groups of venomous mammals. What structure delivers the venom in male
Duck-billed Platypus? What behavior do they do while hunting to take advantage of their
electroreceptors? Where are they found?
7. What do echidnas feed on? How do their electrosensors compare to the platypus?
Station 10 – Subclass Metatheria
1. What does the word Metatheria mean?
2. What do these animals give birth to? What must they attach to?
3. When did they diverge from the ancestors of placentals?
4. Where are they found today?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
54
Station 11 – Order: Marsupialia
1. What makes marsupials different from placental mammals?
2. What is unique about their penis and vagina?
3. When and where did they first evolve? When did they reach Australia?
4. Be able to recognize the following animals.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Kangaroo (Skull)
Koala (Picture)
Virginia Opossum (Skull and Specimen)
Brush-tailed Possum (Meek)
5. What is unique about the Red Kangaroo?
6. What do koalas eat and what does this cause them to do?
7. What is the only marsupial found in this area (Southern California)? What type of tail do they have?
What do they have on their back feet which are similar to those in primates?
8. How many teeth do opossums have? What do they eat?
9. What do they do when confronted by a predator?
10. Their immune system is robust. Why are they not carriers of rabies?
11. How are the Brush-tailed Possum different from other opossums? Where are they from and where are
they found now?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
55
Station 12 – Subclass: Eutheria
1. What does the word Eutheria mean?
2. How do they differ from non-eutherian mammals? What does this allow them to do?
3. When did they evolve?
4. Where are they found?
Station 13 – Order: Tubulidentata
1. What do Aardvarks eat? What is the term for this type of feeder?
2. How are their teeth different than other mammals?
Station 14 – Order: Proboscidea
1. How do they use their trunk?
2. How much does the skull comprise of an elephant’s body weight? What other changes have occurred to
their skull to accommodate their large size?
3. What adaptations are seen in an elephant’s foot?
4. What is the difference between African and Asian Elephants?
African Elephant
Ears
Tusks
Nails on back feet
Asian Elephant
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
56
Station 15 – Order: Hyracoidea
1. What does the word hyrax mean?
2. What are their closest living relatives?
3. How do they slice off leaves and grass? What do they have that allows them to digest plant material?
Station 16 – Order: Sirenia
1. What is the common name of these animals? What do they eat?
2. What modification do they have for their aquatic way of life?
3. What are their closest relatives?
Station 17 – Order: Xenarthra
1. What does Xenarthra mean? Why do these animals have this name?
2. What makes them different than all eutherians and allows the males to have internal testicles?
3. Be able to recognize the examples: Armadillos (specimen and skull), Anteaters (picture and skull), and
Sloths (picture).
4. What is the Armadillo’s outer shell made of? Why is the Armadillo quickly spreading in the U.S.?
5. How many times does the anteaters tongue move in and out of their mouth when feeding? Because their
prey (insects are swallowed, how do they crush their prey? They don’t make stomach acid. What do
they use instead?
6. What are sloths classified as? What do they use for camouflage? When are they most vulnerable to
predation?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
57
Station 18 – Order: Rodentia
1. What % of mammal species are rodents?
2. What are they characterized by?
3. Rodents lack canines so they have a space between the incisors and the premolars. What is this space
called?
4. When did they first appear?
5. Be able to recognize the following animals; Naked Mole Rats (picture), Beaver (skull, specimens in both
the museum and Meek), Ground squirrel (specimen), Gray Squirrel (specimen), Kangaroo Rat
(specimen), Capybara (Skull), Gopher (skull and specimen), Deer Mouse (specimen), Norway Rat
(specimen), Antelope Ground Squirrel (specimen), Chipmunk (specimen)
Station 19 – Naked Mole Rats
1. What makes them unique among mammals? What other animals are they similar to and why?
2. What other unique characters does it have?
Station 20 – North American Beaver
1. Where are beavers found? What characteristics do they have for this life style?
2. What are their homes called? What are they known for?
Station 21 – California Ground Squirrel
1. What are the two defensive behaviors seen in this squirrel?
2. What is the only habitat in California they do not use?
Station 22 – Western Gray Squirrel
1. What is the name of the defensive coloration seen in this squirrel?
2. What is the name of their nests? What are the two types of nests?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
58
Station 23 – Kangaroo Rat
1. What adaptations are seen in kangaroo rats for their existence in the desert? (hint : they are in the picture)
2
Station 24 – Capybaras
1. What are Capybaras known for?
2. What is the term for how they eat? What does it mean?
3. Where are they found?
Station 25 – Pocket Gophers
1. What is their most characteristic feature?
2. What is the term for where they are found? What does it mean?
Station 26 – California Deer Mouse
1. What does the work Peromyscus mean?
2. What is it notorious for?
Station 27 – Norway Rat
1. What are the only Norway rat-free zones? Why are they not there?
2. Where did they originate? What is the only other mammal that is more successful?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
59
Station 28 – Antelope Ground Squirrel
1. How do they hold their tail? What do they do this for?
2. What is unique about this species of rodent?
Station 29 – Chipmunk
1. What are the four main calls in chipmunks?
Station 30 – Order: Lagomorpha
1. What animals does this order include?
2. How are they different from rodents?
3. Why do they eat their own feces? What is this process called?
4. When did they first appear in the fossil record?
5. Be able to recognize the following examples: Black-tailed Jackrabbit (specimen), Cottontail (specimen),
Pika (Picture)
6. What are Black-tailed rabbits known for?
7. What is the Desert Cottontail’s anti-predator behavior?
8. Pikas do not hibernate. What are their food piles called? What are they an indicator of in North
America?
Station 31 – Order: Dermoptera
1. What are the gliding membranes called?
2. What are they similar to in their breeding habits? What do they use as a pouch?
Station 32 – Order: Scandentia
1. What do they have in common with primates?
2. What kind of studies are they often used for?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 33 – Order: Primates
1. What characteristics are shared by all primates? What do most have?
2. When did primates arise?
Station 34 – Prosimians
1. What is included in this group?
2. What do they lack? Why?
3. What do they all have in common?
Station 35 – Old World Monkeys
1. What is included in this group?
2. What do they all have in common?
3. Be able to recognize the specimen in the Meek Museum.
Station 36 – New World Monkeys
1. What is included in this group?
2. What do they all have in common?
3. How did they arrive in the new world?
60
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 37 – The Great Apes
1. What is included in this group?
2. What do they all have in common?
3. How do they differ from monkeys?
Station 38 – Gorilla
Be able to recognize the skulls of the gorillas
1. When do they separate from Chimpanzees?
2. Where are they found?
3. What do they eat?
4. How can you tell male from female?
Station 39 - Orangutan
Be able to recognize the skull of the orangutan
1. When do they diverge from the rest of the Great Apes?
2. Where are they usually found?
3. What type of social structure do they have?
61
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
62
Station 40 - Chimpanzees
Be able to recognize the skull of the different Chimpanzees
1. When did Chimpanzees split from the human branch of the family?
2. How are African Chimps different from Bonobo’s?
3. What is their type of locomotion called?
4. How much DNA do humans share with Bonobo’s?
5. What is the diet of the African Chimp? The Bonobo?
Station 41 – The Hominids
1. What is the one characteristic that separates hominids from other primates?
2. What other important characteristic developed?
Station 42 – Australopithecus afarenis
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. What does the word Austlopithecus mean?
2. When do they first appear in the fossil record?
3. What basic hominid characteristics are found in this species?
4. Where are these fossils from?
Station 43 – Australopithecus africanus
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. When do they first appear in the fossil record?
2. How are they similar to A. afarensis? How are they different? What primitive features did they have?
3. Where are these fossils from?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
63
Station 44 – Austalopithecus boisei
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. When do they appear in the fossil record?
2. How does this brain size compare to the other Austalothecines?
3. What unique characteristics are found in this species?
4. Where are these fossils from?
Station 45 – Homo erectus
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. When do they appear in the fossil record?
2. What does the name mean? What did they look like? From the neck down, who do they resemble?
3. Where was this species found?
4. What characteristics do they have?
Station 46 – Homo nenanderthalensis
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. When do they appear in the fossil record?
2. In a 2010 study, the population dispersing across Eurasia, how much did the Neanderthals genes
constitute?
3. How did their cranial capacity compare to modern humans?
Station 47 – Homo sapiens
Be able to recognize the skull of this species
1. When do they appear in the fossil record?
2. What characteristics characterize humans?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
64
Station 48 – Order: Carnivora
1. What is the one shared characteristic that lump all carnivores together?
2. What does the word carnivore mean?
3. Where and when did they evolve?
4. Where are they found in the world?
Station 49 – Felines
1. What type of feeders are they?
2. When do they appear in the fossil record?
3. How large are mountain lions? Are they a large or a small cat? How do you tell the difference?
4. How common are bobcats? What size are they? How do they hunt? Where are they found?
5. How large are African Lions? What lifestyle do they exhibit? What do they normally hunt?
6. How large are Tigers? What is their niche?
7. What size are Leopards? Are they a small or large cats? How do you tell a leopard and Jaguar? What
is the secret to their success?
8. What are the unique characteristic seen in Jaguars? Where are they found?
9. How fast are Cheetahs? Where are they found?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
65
Station 50 – Canids
1. What lifestyle do they usually possess?
2. When do they show up in the fossil record?
3. What is a Baculum? What is it used for?
4. What are coyotes known for? What is happening to their numbers? How much plant material do they
eat?
5. What size are Gray Wolves? What was once its claim to fame? How do they hunt and what size prey
can they take down?
6. What are male foxes called? What are female foxes called? How do they differ from other caninds?
The Silver Fox is actually a color phase of which fox? What distinction does this animal have today?
7. Where are red foxes found? Where are gray foxes found? Where are arctic foxes found?
Station 51 – Bears
1. When did the bear show up in the fossil record?
2. What determines their size? What is their range in eating habits?
3. What size is the Polar Bear? What does their scientific name mean?
4. What are the two types of recognized brown bears? What is unique about brown bears?
5. How do you tell Black bears from Brown Bears? What is unique about the American Black Bear?
6. What makes up the Giant Panda’s diet? What is unique about the Giant Panda’s paw?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
66
Station 52 – Raccoon Family
1. What common characteristic do most of them share?
2. When did they show up in the fossil record? Where are they restricted to?
3. What are the raccoon’s two most distinctive features?
4. What is the raccoon’s original habitat? Why have they extended their range?
5. What is unique about the Coati’s ankles?
6. What habitat are Red Pandas found in? What is its diet?
7. What is unique about the Ringtail compared to others in this family? What is its nickname?
Station 53 – Weasel Family
1. What do they all have in common?
2. When did they show up in the fossil record?
3. Where are Long-tailed Weasels found? What do they eat? How do they prefer their prey?
4. What do Pine Marten’s eat?
5. Where are minks found? What is their coat made of?
6. How do Wolverines capture larger prey?
7. What adaptations do Badgers have to protect themselves from attack? What are they known to hunt
with?
8. What are skunks known for? How do they produce this?
9. What type of fur do Otters have? Where are they found? How do River otters differ from Sea Otters?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
67
Station 54 – Mongoose Family - Meerkats
1. How are Meerkats different than other mongooses?
2. What behavior is often seen in Meerkats? What type of behavior is this considered?
Station 55 – Hyena Family
1. What do most hyenas eat? What adaptations to their digestive systems have been made so they can
quickly digest their prey?
2. Why do they have a bear-like gait?
3. What is “unique” about the female sexual structures? Why do they have this structure?
Station 56 – Order: Pinnepedia
1. What does the name mean?
2. Where are they found?
3. What do their limbs look like?
Station 57 – Seals and Sea Lions
Fill out the following Table
Seals
Front Flippers
Rear Flippers
Neck
Ears
Testicles
Sea Lions
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
68
Station 58 – Walruses
1. What oceans are they found in? Where in the ocean are they found?
2. How are they recognized?
3. What do they eat?
Station 59 – Eared Seals
1. How do you tell male from female sea lions?
2. Where are California Sea Lions found?
Station 60- Earless Seals
1. How do they differ from eared seals? How can they help control their body temperatures?
2. What are Weddel Seals known for?
3. What do Crabeater Seals Eat? How do they do this?
4. Where do Leopard Seals hunt? What do they feed on? How are they similar to Crabeater Seals?
5. What are harbor seals known for?
6. What kind of reproductive strategy do Elephant Seals exhibit? What is sexual dimorphism? How large
are the males? How large are the females?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 61 – Perissodactyla
1. How many toes do these animals usually have?
2. When did they show up in the fossil record?
3. How do they digest food?
Station 62 – Horse Family
1. What unique characteristic do they share with humans?
2. What is the only true wild horse today? Where are they found?
3. How do Zebra’s use their stripes to protect themselves?
Station 64 – Rhinoceros Family
1. What are Rhinos known for?
2. What is the shape of the White Rhino’s mouth and what is it used for?
3. How does the Black Rhino differ from a White Rhino?
Station 65 – Cetartiodactyla
1. What does this clade include?
2. Where did the name come from?
Station 66 – Artiodactyla
1. How many toes do these animals usually have?
2. When did they show up in the fossil record?
69
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
70
Statin 67 – Pig Family
1. How do they differ from others in this order?
2. When did they show up in the fossil record?
3. What teeth make up the tusks in Warthogs? What are the warts probably used for?
4. What did wild Boars evolve into?
Station 68 – Peccary Family
1. How do Peccaries differ from true pigs?
2. Where are Peccary found and why?
3. What are the two forms of anti-predator behavior seen in Peccaries?
Station 69 – Hippopotamuses
1. What does their name actually mean?
2. Where are they found? What do they eat?
3. What are they most closely related to? When did they split off?
Station 70 – Camel family
1. How do camels differ from other hoofed animals?
2. What other adaptations to their environment do they have?
3. How long can they go without drinking? How much can they drink at one time? How much water (%)
can they lose?
4. What are the two different species of camel and how do you tell them apart?
5. What two well-known members of this family live in South America and what are they used for?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
71
Station 71 – Deer Family
1. What animals are included in the deer family?
2. What do they all have (except one group)? What are they made of? What are they used for? What
happens to them when they are done?
3. How are Sika deer different than other deer?
4. What are fallow deer known for? Why are they so widespread?
5. What are Chital deer associated with? What do each animal get from this relationship?
6. Where do Rusa deer get their name?
7. What ritual does Red Deer go through?
8. What is the other name for Elk? What does this word mean?
9. Where are White-tailed deer found? Where are Mule deer found?
10. What limits a moose’s daily feeding time? How do they meet their daily energy requirements? How do
they meet their daily salt requirements?
11. What characteristic behavior is seen in Caribou? Why do they do this behavior?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
72
Station 72 – Giraffe Family
1. How many cervical vertebrae do giraffes have?
2. Why did the long neck evolve?
3. How are their teeth adapted for eating leaves off acacia trees?
4. What do Okapi have in common with giraffe? Where are they found?
Station 73 – Bovidae Family
1. What do all bovidae have in common?
2. What belongs to this family?
3. When did they show up in evolutionary history?
Station 74 – Pronghorn Family
1. What are pronghorns known for?
2. What is unusual about Pronghorns compared to other Northern latitude ungulates?
Station 75 – Cattle Family
1. What do they eat and what is their best sense?
2. Be able to recognize the following species: American bison, Cape buffalo, the water buffalo, the Dwarf
buffalo, the Asiatic buffalo and the Banteng.
Station 76 – Small Antelope
1. What does the name duiker mean? Why did this animal get that name?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
73
Station 77 – Spiral-horned Antelope
1. What do they all have in common? What are they made of? Why are they twisted?
2. What do they eat? Why?
3. Why are bushbuck considered the most dangerous medium-sized antelope?
4. Kudu and Eland are said to be what type of feeders? What is unique about Kudu?
5. What is the name of the structure in Eland that hangs down from its neck? What is it used for?
Station 78 – Grazing Antelope – Open Woods
1. How do impala escape predators?
2. What are Blesbok not good at?
3. What is another name for Wilderbeest? In East Africa, what claim do wildebeest have? How do they
escape predators?
4. How do Hartebeest escape predators?
Station 79 – Grazing Antelope – Wetlands
1. What do both sexes of Western Kob have?
2. What does the Reedbuck do when startled or attacked?
3. What do Waterbuck release when they are sexually excited? What name is given to them?
4. Where do Lechwe go to escape predators? What adaptation do they have to help with this?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
74
Station 80 – Grazing Antelope – Horse-like
1. Where are Gemsbok found and how do they get water?
2. How do Fringe-eared Oryx tolerate periods of extreme temperature?
3. How do Roans fight?
4. What do Sable Antelope use their horns for?
Station 81 – Grazing Antelope – Gazelles
1. What is the name of the behavior seen in Springboks to avoid predators?
2. What is the Grant Gazelle known for? What is the cause of this situation?
3. How do Gerenuk feed?
Station 82 – Dwarf Antelope
1. What is the reason for their small size?
2. What is the type of feeding seen in dik-diks?
Station 83 – Goat Antelope
1. Where are goat antelope usually found?
2. Where did Musk Ox get their name? What is this substance used for?
3. How much do Big Horn Sheep horns weigh? What must they do every three days?
4. What habitats are Mountain goats found in? How do mountain goats stay on the steep hills? What pitch
are these hills?
5. Why are Chamois successful? What do they do during fights?
6. What is actually happening in most fights between Himalayan Tahrs?
7. What does the physical adaptation give Ibex?
8. What is the Mouflan thought to be?
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
75
Station 84 – Order: Cetacea
1. What are the two main types of Whales?
2. How do you tell them apart?
3. Be able to identify the following examples: Blue Whale, Minke Whale, Pigmy Sperm Whale, Sperm
Whale, Beluga Whale, Bottle-nosed Dolphin, White-sided Dolphin, Humpback Whale and Orca Killer
Whale.
Station 85 – Order: Chiroptera
1. How many mammalian species are bats?
2. How are they unique?
3. How do vampire bats feed?
4. What do pallid bats eat?
5. What are Western Pipistrelle Bats known for?
6. Know the following skulls: Vampire and Fruit Bats
Station 86 – Order: Insectivora
1. What do they eat?
2. What characteristics do they have?
3. Know the examples: Moles and Shrews
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
76
Station 87 – CLASS: MAMMALIA – INTERNAL FEATURES
System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Structure
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Atria (2)
Ventricle (2)
Double Circuit system (whole
system)
Compare to bird (Why the
difference in size?)
Lungs
Diaphragm
Olfactory lobe
Cerebral hemisphere
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Ovaries or Testes
Function
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
Station 88 – Animal Sounds – Mammals
Be able to recognize the songs from the following Mammals.
Harbor Seal
California Sea Lion
California Ground Squirrel
Coyote
Mountain Lion
77
Bio 2 – Lab Practicum 4
78
Station 89 – Mammal Orders
Order
Description
Order: Monotremata
Egg laying mammals
Order: Marsupialia
Pouch bearing mammals
Order: Proboscidea
Long, muscular trunk
Order: Hyracoidea
Shrew Mice
Order: Tubulidentata
Pig-like with a tubular snout and long
ears
Aquatic herbivores, possessing fin-like
forelimb
Have reduced or no teeth
Order: Sirenia
Order: Xenarthra
Order: Artiodactyla
Order: Chiroptera
Possesses hooves with an even number
of toes
Marine forms with fish-shaped bodies,
paddle-like front limbs
Possesses hooves with odd numbers of
toes
Possesses sharp, pointed canine teeth
and molars
Adapted for flying
Order: Insectivora
Insect eating animals
Order: Pholiodata
Anteaters with scaly skin
Order: Rodentia
Possesses chisel-like incisor teeth
Order: Lagomorpha
Order: Dermoptera
Possesses chisel-like incisors, hind legs
longer than forelegs for jumping
Large gliding mammals
Order: Scandentia
Larger shrew-like animals with teeth
Order: Primates
Opposable thumb, binocular vision
Order: Cetacea
Order: Perissodactyla
Order: Carnivora
Characteristics