1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan hara
tanaman ?
2. Mengapa perlu dikelola secara
terpadu ?
3. Apa tujuan dari pengelolaan hara
tanaman terpadu ?
4. Hara tanaman apa saja yang dapat
dikelola secara terpadu ?
5. Bagaimana cara pengelolaannya ?
UNSUR YANG ADA
DALAM JARINGAN
TANAMAN
UNSUR HARA
YANG
DIBUTUHKAN
TANAMAN
Agroecology: science
& sustainability
Enhanced Soil
Fertility
Interactions
(+; -)
Healthy
Agroecosystem
Synergisme
Enhanced Pest
Regulation
Healthy Crop
 Use of Chemical fertilisers including
secondary and micro-nutrients,
 Bio-fertilisers,
 Organic manures, green manures, press
mud etc.
6
Dikelola jumlah
(takaran)nya
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Deficiency
Growth (% of maximum)
10% Reduction in Growth
Luxury
Consumption
Critical Nutrient
Range
(no symptoms)
Toxicity
Visual
Symptoms
Visual
Symptoms
0
5 Concentration
10 15 20 25
35 40
45 50(dry
55 basis)
60 65
of 30
Nutrient
in Tissue
Critical Concentration
Dikelola jenis (macam) hara-nya
1. N berlebihan  meningkatkan
kekahatan tembaga (Cu) & boron
(B),  tingkatkan kerentanan thd
serangan hama & penyakit,
2. P berlebihan mengganggu
serapan tembaga (Cu), besi (Fe)
dan seng (Zn),
3. K berlebihan  menimbulkan
kekahatan boron & menurunkan
rasio minyak terhadap tandan pada
sawit,
4. Tembaga (Cu) & sulfat berlebihan
 hambat serapan Mo,
5. Tembaga, seng & mangan
berlebihan  hambat serapan
Fe,
6. K atau Na berlebihan 
turunkan serapan mangan &
boron,
7. N & Mg berlebihan sebabkan
kekahatan tembaga,
8. Pengapuran (Ca) berlebihan 
turunkan serapan boron &
kekahatan Mg,
9. Kelebihan besi, tembaga atau
seng  hambat serapan Mn.
How the pH of Soil Affects the Availability of Nutrients
Different types of plants have different soil pH requirements
Dikelola jenis (macam) sumber hara-nya
Plant roots – the primary route for
mineral nutrient acquisition
• Meristematic zone
– Cells divide both in direction of
root base to form cells that will
become the functional root and
in the direction of the root
apex to form the root cap
• Elongation zone
– Cells elongate rapidly, undergo
final round of divisions to form
the endodermis. Some cells
thicken to form casparian strip
• Maturation zone
– Fully formed root with xylem
and phloem – root hairs first
appear here
ROOT ABSORBS DIFFERENT MINERAL IONS IN
DIFFERENT AREAS
• Calcium
– Apical region
• Iron
– Apical region (barley)
– Or entire root (corn)
• Potassium, nitrate, ammonium,
and phosphate
– All locations of root surface
• In corn, elongation zone has max K
accumulation and nitrate
absorption
– In corn and rice, root apex absorbs
ammonium faster than the
elongation zone does
– In several species, root hairs are
the most active phosphate
absorbers
WHY SHOULD ROOT TIPS BE THE
PRIMARY SITE OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE?
Tissues with greatest need for nutrients
 Cell elongation requires Potassium, nitrate, and chlorine to
increase osmotic pressure within the wall,
 Ammonium is a good nitrogen source for cell division in
meristem,
 Apex grows into fresh soil and finds fresh supplies of
nutrients.
Nutrients are carried via bulk flow with water, and
water enters near tips,
 Maintain concentration gradients for mineral nutrient
transport and uptake.
ROOT UPTAKE SOON DEPLETES
NUTRIENTS NEAR THE ROOTS
• Formation of a nutrient
depletion zone in the
region of the soil near the
plant root
– Forms when rate of
nutrient uptake exceeds
rate of replacement in
soil by diffusion in the
water column
– Root associations with
Mycorrhizal fungi help
the plant overcome this
problem
Dasar Penetapan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Musim  potensi fotosintesis,
Potensi produksi tanaman,
Interaksi hara (nol, sinergisme, antagonisme),
Hara total vs tersedia tanah & faktor penjerapnya,,
Reaksi pupuk (kemasaman akibat 100 kg Za diatasi
dg 107 kg kaptan; 100 kg Urea dg 36 kg kaptan),
Jumlah & perbandingan hara terbawa panen,
Kandungan hara dlm daun (efektivitas serapan),
Aktivitas Biota tanah,
Cara & waktu pemberian pupuk.
1. Pemberian Zn 
tingkatkan serapan K,
perbaiki status N, P & Ca
didalam tanaman, 
tingkatkan produksi kelapa
sawit sampai 12 – 78%,
2. Pemberian Zn melalui
daun (larutan 1000 ppm
Zn) lebih efektif drpd
pemberian lewat tanah
atau injeksi
C
N
H
16
Essential
Elements
P
K
B
Cl
Mn
O
Ca
Mg
S
Cu Fe
Mo
Zn
Non-Mineral Nutrients
Carbon
(C)
Hydrogen
(H)
Oxygen
(O)
Used in photosynthesis
MINERAL NUTRIENTS
Muatan
Negatif
fenolik
O-
karboksil
COO-
hidroksil
OCOO-
O-
Kation2
teradsorbsi
Ca2+
H+
Kation2 dalam
larutan tanah
H+
K+
K+
Mg2+
COOO-
H+
karboksil
COO-
NH4+
fenolik
O-
H+
karboksil
COO-
Na+
Mg2+
H+
NH4+
H+
Na+
ADSORPSI (JERAPAN) KATION OLEH KOLOID HUMUS
& SEL-SEL MIKROBA DALAM TANAH
NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS
ARE CALLED ANIONS
NUTRIENT
Chlorine
Nitrate
Sulfate
Borate
Phosphate
CHEMICAL
SYMBOL
Cl
N
S
B
P
IONIC FORM
ClNO3SO4=
BO4=
H2PO4-
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
Negatively Charged Colloids
Attract Cations
K+
--
-
-Ca++
Na+
Soil Colloid
-
Ca++
+
H
-
- Mg++
UNSUR
DISERAP TANAMAN
DALAM BENTUK
Nitrogen (N)
Fosfor (P)
Kalium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Belerang (S)
Kalsium (Ca)
NH4+; NO3PO43-; HPO42-; H2PO4K+
Mg2+
SO42Ca2+
KONSENTRASI
(%) BOBOT
KERING
4,0
0,5
4,0
0,5
0,5
1,0
UNSUR
Besi (Fe)
Mangan (Mn)
Seng (Zn)
Tembaga (Cu)
Boron (B)
Molibden (Mo)
Klor (Cr)
DISERAP TANAMAN
DALAM BENTUK
Fe 2+; Fe3+
Mn2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
BO32-; B4O72MoO42Cl-
KONSENTRASI
BOBOT KERING
200 ppm
200 ppm
30 ppm
10 ppm
60 ppm
2 ppm
3000 ppm
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
(CEC)
The total number of exchangeable
cations a soil can hold
(amount of its negative charge)
“Conventional” CEC determination by displacement of
cations with ammonium acetate extraction
H+
Ca++
S
O
I
L
Mg++
K+
Al 3+
NH4+
+ 9 NH4OAc
S
O
I
L
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
H+
Ca++
Mg++
+
K+
+ 9 OAc
Al 3+
NH4+
Solution
Displacement of ammonium ions with KCl solution
S
O
I
L
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
+ 9 KCl
S
O
I
L
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
+ 9 NH4+ +
9 Cl-
Solution
Filter and measure ammonium
by steam distillation of ammonia
• Cations determined by:
– extraction using ammonium acetate,
Mehlich 1, or Mehlich 3 extractants
– analysis using atomic absorption
spectrometry or ICP equipment
• Sum of extractable cations (Ca, Mg, K,
Na), with some adjustment for H+ and
Al3+(using pH), gives estimate of “true”
CEC
Generally ….the higher the CEC
The more fertile the soil tends to be
The more clay the soil tends to have
The more organic matter a soil tends to
have (especially for weathered, sandy,
soils in the South)
CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER HAVE
GREATEST INFLUENCE ON CEC
ORGANIC MATTER HAS A HIGHER CEC