Applications vs. Program Languages
User Oriented CPU Oriented

Program Language vs. Application
Procedural Non-Procedural

Program Language vs. Application
You
Communicate
CPU
Application

Computer Programs and Programming Languages
What is a computer program ?

Series of instructions that tells CPU what to do known as “perform tasks”
Created by a programmer using a programming language p. 664 Fig. 13-1
Next

Procedural Languages

Process of locating and correcting syntax and logic errors in program
Harvard University,
September 9, 1945

Why Program ??????
Communicate with programmer on the job
Customize software
Increase computer understanding
Increase software understanding
Promotion within the company
Challenging and Fun
Computer Programming Video

Computer Programs and Programming Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
High-level language
Low-level language
Machine and assembly languages are low-level
Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer p. 664
Next

Low-Level Languages
What is machine language ?
 Only language computer directly recognizes
 Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits
A dump p. 665 Fig. 13-2
Next

Low-Level Languages
What is assembly language ?
 Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
 Source program contains code to be converted to machine language p. 666 Fig. 13-3
Next

Computer Programs and Programming Languages
What are high-level languages?
High-level language
Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers and operating systems p. 665
Next

Procedural Languages
What is a procedural language ?
Programmer writes instructions that tell computer what to accomplish and how to do it
Uses series of English-like words to write instructions
BASIC,
COBOL, and C
Next

Procedural Languages
What is COBOL ?



Designed for business applications
English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain
COmmon Business-Oriented Language p. 668

Procedural Languages
What is C ?


Powerful language originally designed to write operating system software
Requires professional programming skills
} for(int b = 0; b < 1; b++)
{ outp(PortAddr, 50); while((inp(PortAddr + 5) &
} for(int c = 0; c < 1; c++)
{
0x020) == 0); outp(PortAddr, 32); while((inp(PortAddr + 5) & 0x020) == 0);
} p. 668

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language ?
Used to implement object-oriented design
Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data
Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects
Event-driven— checks for and responds to set of events
Java, C++, C#, and Visual Basic are complete object-oriented languages
Event is action to which program responds p. 669
Next

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is Java ?
 Developed by Sun
Microsystems
 Similar to C++
 Used to develop
Web applications
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left navigation, then click
Java below Chapter 13 p. 669 Fig. 13-8
Next

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is C++ ?


Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
Used to develop database and games because of its speed; applications; operating systems
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left navigation, then click
C++ below Chapter 13 p. 670 Fig. 13-9
Next

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is C# ?
 Object-oriented programming language based on C++
 Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left navigation, then click
C# below Chapter 13 p. 670
Next

Other Programming Languages and Development Tools
A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database
Structured
Query
Language
Portland.accdb

Other Programming Languages and Development Tools
Classic programming languages include:
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC
Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP
Logo
PL/1
Modula-2 Pascal
Prolog RPG
PILOT
Smalltalk

Other Program Development Tools
What is a macro ?


Series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a task
Prevents creating the same task over and over again
How to create a simple macro in
Microsof Excel p. 676 - 677 Fig. 13-17
Next

Web Page Development
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
 Used to create Web pages
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left navigation, then click
HTML below Chapter 13 p. 678 Fig. 13-18
Next

Web Page Development
What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?
 Communications standard that defines how Web server communicates with outside sources

CGI script
—program that manages sending and receiving across CGI http://www.harrietcarter.com/ p.679 - 680 Fig. 13-19

Web Page Development
What is a scripting language?

Typically easy to learn and use

JavaScript
 Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)
 PHP (PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor)
 VBScript (Visual Basic,
Scripting Edition)
COD Script p. 680 - 681 Fig. 13-20
Next

Web Page Development
What is Web page authoring software ?


Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
Generates HTML
Dreamweaver Expression
Web
Flash p. 683
Next

Web Page Development
Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for users to:
Share personal information
Allow users to modify Web site content
Have application software built into the site

Web Page Development
Most Web 2.0 sites use
APIs Application Programming Interfaces

An API enables programmers to interact with an environment such as a Web site or operating system

Multimedia Program Development
What is multimedia authoring software ?


Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation
Used for computerbased training (CBT) and Web-based training
(WBT)
 Software includes
Toolbook , Authorware , and Director
Multimedia Presentation p. 684 Fig. 13-22

The Program Development Cycle
What is the program development cycle ?

Steps programmers use to build computer programs

Programming team
—Group of programmers working on program p. 685 - 686 Fig. 13-23
Scientific Method?
Next

Structured Programming
Starting in the 1960s, a number of techniques evolved to make program design more systematic and programs themselves easier to read and maintain.
This type of design became known as structured programming.
Avoid GOTO Statements

Step 1 — Analyze Requirements
What is involved in analyzing the requirements?
1.
Review requirements
2.
Meet with systems analyst and users
3.
Identify input, output, processing, and data components
 IPO chart—
Identifies program’s inputs, outputs, and processing steps p. 686 Fig. 13-24
Next

Design Solution
The design of the program addresses all of the tasks the program must perform and how to organize or sequence them when coding the program.
Design tools to plan the solution include:
 Pseudocode
 Flowcharts
 Structure
Charts

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is pseudocode?
 Uses condensed form of English to convey program logic p. 690 and 692 Fig. 13-35
Next

Design Solution - Pseudocode

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a program flowchart?
 Graphically shows logic in solution algorithm p. 690 Fig. 13-32
Next

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is flowcharting software ?
 Used by programmers to develop flowcharts
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left navigation, then click
Flowcharting Software below Chapter 13 p. 690 - 691 Fig. 13-34
Next

Hierarchy Chart
Hierarchy charts depict the overall organization of a program.
Program modules should be arranged hierarchically, in a top-down design.

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a hierarchy chart ?


Shows program modules graphically
Also called structure chart p. 687 Fig. 13-25
Next

Step 2 – Design Solution
What is structured design?
Technique that builds all program logic from combination of three basic control structures sequence control structure repetition control structure selection control structure

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a sequence control structure?

Control structure that shows actions following each other in order

Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions p. 688 Fig. 13-27
Next

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a selection control structure?

Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition

Two types

Case control structure

If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false p. 689 Fig. 13-28
Next

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a repetition control structure?

Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly

Do-while control structure —repeats as long as condition is true

Do-until control structure —repeats as long as the condition is false p. 689 - 690 Figs. 13-30–13-31
Next

Step 3 — Validate Design
What is involved in validating the design?
Check program design for accuracy
Desk check programmers use test data to step through logic
Test data sample data that mimics real data that program will process
Programmer checks logic for correctness and attempts to uncover logic errors
Logic error design flaw that causes inaccurate results
Inspection systems analyst reviews deliverables during the system development cycle p. 693
Next

Step 4 — Implement Design
What is implementation ?

Writing the code that translates the design into a program

Syntax —rules that specify how to write instructions
 Comments—program documentation

Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as requirements are defined p. 693 - 694 Fig. 13-38
Next

Step 5 — Test Solution
Ensure program runs correctly and is error free
Logic
Error
Design
Code
Debug
Syntax
Error
Debugging is the process of making sure a program is free of errors, or “bugs”.

Logic errors

Syntax errors
Testing insures that the programs work as planned.

Alpha testing

Beta testing
Document

Step 6 — Document Solution
What is involved in documenting the solution?
 Programmer performs two activities
Reviews program code—removes dead code , program instructions that program never executes
Reviews documentation p. 696
Next

Summary of Programming Languages and Program Development
Various programming languages used to write and develop computer programs
The program development cycle and the tools used to make this process efficient
Web development and multimedia development tools
Chapter 13 Complete