The Structure of the Cell
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Cell Theory:
 1. The basic unit of life
 2. All living things are composed of cells
 3. Cells come from preexisting cells
Two Types of Cells:
 1. Prokaryotic cell- No
nucleus or
membrane bound
organelles
(smaller, primitive, first
cells on earth)
 2. Eukaryotic cell- Have
nucleus and membrane
bound organelles (larger,
more evolved)
Prokaryotes are the first cells to evolve
Draw this prokaryotic cell
This is an electron micrograph
of an actual prokaryotic cell. It
has a rod shape
 Cell Wall- Prevent cell from bursting.
3
basic shapes- cocci, bacilli, and spirilli
 Capsule- Outside the cell wall. For additional
protection.
 Plasma membrane- Regulates what crosses into
the cell
 Nucleiod Region- where circular DNA is found
 Ribosomes- Workbench, where proteins are made
 *Flagella- Solid core of protein. Rotate
like helicopter roter
 *Pili- Extentions that allow
prokaryotes to come together for DNA
exchange
 *Lamella- contains chlorophyll for
photosynthetic prokaryotes
 * Not on all prokaryotes
Eukaryotic Cells:
 More highly evolved with organelles for
work
 Organelles evolved from
Involution of cell membrane
Prokaryotic cells
Picture below
is an electron
micrograph of
nuclear pores
 The nucleolus in the Nucleus and contains DNA,
which codes for the production of ribosomal RNA.
 This is an actual picture of the nucleus
The nucleus
has a double
membrane or
a nuclear
envelope. Has
protein pores
to regulate
materials in
and out.
Contains DNA
(chromatin)
which codes
for proteins
Electron micrograph of a nucleus
with protein pores and showing the
double membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
 Connected to the nuclear membrane.
 Rough E.R. pitted with ribosomes that make proteins
and put them into the E.R.
 The proteins are then shipped to the Golgi for
modification
 The ribosomes are only attached when making
proteins and “fall off” when they are done
E.R. is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth) E.R.
 Attached to the rough
E.R. is the smooth E.R.
without ribosomes




Synthesis of Lipids and
phospholipids
Breakdown of glycogen
Detoxification of drugs
Storage of calcium in
muscles needed for
contraction
Electron micrograph of the Golgi Apparatus
Golgi receiving macromolecules from the E.R. for
modification
Golgi Apparatus
 Golgi is made of flattened membranes.
Vesicle deposits material, the molecules go
through membranes to get modified. Golgi
apparatus is made from membranes of the
E.R.
 1. Modifying proteins from the E.R.
 2. Making certain polysaccharides
 3. Contributing to the plasma membrane
Evolutionary Theory of Protobiont