Chapter 1
Introduction to Database Management
Welcome!
Database technology: crucial to the
operation and management of modern
organizations
 Major transformation in computing skills
 Significant time commitment
 Exciting journey ahead

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Book Goals
First course in database management
 Practical textbook

–
–
–
–

Fundamentals of relational databases
Data modeling and normalization
Database application development
Database administration and database
processing environments
Detailed material
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Outline
Database characteristics
 DBMS features
 Architectures
 Organizational roles

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Initial Vocabulary
Data: raw facts about things and events
 Information: transformed data that has
value for decision making
 Essential to organize data for retrieval and
maintenance

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Database Characteristics

Persistent

Inter-related

Shared
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University Database
Registration
Grade
Recording
Entities:
students, faculty, courses,
offerings, enrollments
Relationships :
faculty teach offerings,
students enroll in
offerings, offerings made
of courses, ...
Faculty
Assignment
Course
Scheduling
University Database
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Water Utility Database
Billing
Meter
Reading
Entities:
customers, meters, bills,
payments, meter readings
Relationships:
bills sent to customers,
customers make payments,
customers use meters, ...
Payment
Processing
Service Start/
Stop
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Collection of components that support data
acquisition, dissemination, storage,
maintenance, retrieval, and formatting
 Enterprise DBMSs
 Desktop DBMSs
 Embedded DBMSs
 Major part of information technology
infrastructure

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Database Definition
Define database before using
 Tables and relationships
 SQL CREATE TABLE statement
 Graphical tools

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University Database
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University Database (ERD)
Student
Offering
Faculty
StdSSN
StdClass
StdMajor
StdGPA
OfferNo
OffLocation
OffTime
FacSSN
FacSalary
FacRank
FacHireDate
Teaches
Has
Supervises
Accepts
Course
Registers
Enrollment
EnrGrade
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CourseNo
CrsDesc
CrsUnits
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Nonprocedural Access
Loop
Query: request for data to answer a
question
 Indicate what parts of database to retrieve
not the procedural details
 Improve productivity and improve
accessibility
 SQL SELECT statement and graphical
tools

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Graphical Tool for
Nonprocedural Access
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Application Development
Form: formatted document for data entry
and display
 Report: formatted document for display
 Use nonprocedural access to specify data
requirements of forms and reports

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Sample Data Entry Form
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Sample Report
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Procedural Language Interface
Combine procedural language with
nonprocedural access
 Why

– Batch processing
– Customization and automation
– Performance improvement
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Transaction Processing
Transaction: unit of work that should be
reliably processed
 Control simultaneous users
 Recover from failures

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Database Technology Evolution
Era
1960s
Generation
1st Generation
Orientation
File
1970s
2nd Generation
Network
Navigation
1980s
3rd Generation
Relational
1990s
4th Generation
Object
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Major Features
File structures and
proprietary program
interfaces
Networks and hierarchies
of related records,
standard program
interfaces
Non-procedural
languages, optimization,
transaction processing
Multi-media, active,
distributed processing,
more powerful operators
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DBMS Marketplace

Enterprise DBMS
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–
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Oracle: dominates in Unix; strong in Windows
SQL Server: strong in Windows
Informix: significant Unix marketshare
DB2: strong in mainframe environment
Desktop DBMS
– Access: dominates
– FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro
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Data Independence
Software maintenance is a large part (50%)
of information system budgets
 Reduce impact of changes by separating
database description from applications
 Change database definition with minimal
effect on applications that use the database

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Three Schema Architecture
View 1
External to
Conceptual
Mappings
Conceptual
to Internal
Mappings
View 2
Conceptual
Schema
Internal
Schema
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View n
External
Level
Conceptual
Level
Internal
Level
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Differences among Levels

External
– FacultyAssignmentFormView: data required
for the form in Slide 16 (Figure 1.9)
– FacultyWorkLoadReportView: data required
for the report in Slide 17 (Figure 1.10)
Conceptual: tables in Slide 11
 Internal

– Files needed to store the tables
– Extra files to improve performance
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Client-Server Architecture
a) Client, server, and
database on the
same computer
b) Mulitple clients and 1 server
on different computers
Client
Client
Server
Server
Client
Client
Database
Database
c) Multiple servers and databases on different computers
Client
Server
Server
Client
Client
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Client
Database
Database
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Organizational Roles
Specialization
Functional User
Indirect
Parametric
Information Systems
Power
DBA
Technical
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Analyst/Programmer
Management
Non Technical
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Database Specialists

Database administrator (DBA)
– More technical
– DBMS specific skills

Data administrator
– Less technical
– Planning role
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Summary
Databases and database technology vital to
modern organizations
 Database technology supports daily
operations and decision making
 Nonprocedural access is a crucial feature
 Many opportunities to work with databases

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